GCr15 Steel | 52100

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GCr15 steel is a widely used high-carbon chromium bearing steel and is also considered a low-alloy cold work mold steel. It is a representative grade among high-carbon chromium-bearing steels. This steel can be either water or oil quenched, depending on the application and desired properties.

1. Chemical Composition(GB / T 18254—2002)

CSiMnCrPSV
0.95 ~ 1.050.15 ~ 0.350.25 ~ 0.451.40 ~ 1.65≤0.025≤0.025-

2. GCr15 Steel Critical Point Temperature

Ponto críticoAc1AccmAr1Senhora
Temperature (Approx. Value)/°C745900700246

3. GCr15 Steel Forging Process Specification

ItemTemperatura de aquecimento/°CTemperatura inicial de forjamento/°CTemperatura final de forjamento/°CResfriamento
Lingote de aço1150 ~ 12001100 ~ 1150800 ~ 880First air-cool to 700°C, then pit-cool
Tarugo de aço1080 ~ 11201050 ~ 1100800 ~ 850First air-cool to 700°C, then pit-cool

4. GCr15 Steel Heat Treatment Process Specification

4.1 Pré-aquecimento

Plano Preliminar de Tratamento TérmicoParâmetros do processo
Recozimento isotérmico após forjamentoSlowly heat to 770 ~ 790°C, hold for 1 ~ 2h; furnace cool to 680 ~ 700°C, hold for 3 ~ 4h, then furnace cool to below 550°C and air cool. Hardness: 180 ~ 229HBW.
Revenimento de alta temperaturaHeating temperature: 600 ~ 700°C, hold for 2 ~ 3h; furnace cool or air cool. Hardness: 187 ~ 229HBW. Mainly used to eliminate machining stress before quenching.
NormalizandoHeating temperature: 930 ~ 950°C, air cool. Hardness: 302 ~ 388HBW. Used to refine the grains of overheated steel and eliminate network carbides.
Têmpera e revenimentoQuenching temperature: 840 ~ 860°C, oil cool; tempering temperature: 660 ~ 680°C, furnace cool or air cool. Hardness: 197 ~ 217HBW.

4.2 Têmpera

Quenching Process PlanParâmetros do processo
Conventional Quenching ProcessHeating temperature: 830 ~ 850°C, oil cool. Hardness: 62 ~ 65HRC.
Processo de têmpera isotérmicaHeating temperature: 830 ~ 850°C, isothermal quenching at 240 ~ 300°C. Tempering temperature: 180 ~ 200°C. Hardness: 58 ~ 62HRC.

Observação: To save energy and time, the residual heat from forging can be used for the isothermal quenching process to replace spheroidizing annealing.

Ultra-fine processing of carbides.

Carbide Super-refinement Process

Processo de tratamento térmicoParâmetros do processo
Super-refinement TreatmentSolution temperature is 1050°C, followed by isothermal treatment in a salt bath at 300 ~ 350°C to obtain a lower bainite structure. The tempering temperature is around 720°C with a holding time of 2h, but the hardness is too high, leading to difficult machining. An alternative is a short-time spheroidizing process: heat to 720°C and hold for one hour, then raise the temperature to 780°C and hold for one hour, then cool back to 720°C and hold for another one hour. Finally, in furnace cooled to 500°C before removing. This process can obtain ultra-fine spheroidized carbides.

4.3 Têmpera

Tempering Process Specification

Temperatura de aquecimento/°CMétodo de resfriamentoDureza HRC
150 ~ 190Oil cool or air cool58 ~ 62

Temperatura de têmpera e dureza

Temperatura de têmpera/°CNão temperado200300400500550600650
Dureza HRC6261564940363128

Observação: Oil quenched at 830°C, tempered for two hours.

GCr15
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5. Propriedades mecânicas

GCr15 is a special steel for bearings. It has good hardenability, hardness, and wear resistance, high contact fatigue strength, and good dimensional stability during quenching and tempering. Tools and molds made with it have high toughness and wear resistance after low-temperature tempering, which can significantly extend their service life.

Relationship between Quenching Temperature, Microstructure, and Performance

Temperatura de têmpera/°CMass Fraction of Carbon in Martensite (%)Retained Austenite Content (volume fraction, %)Dureza HRCBending Strength σbb/MPaImpact Toughness αK /(J/cm²)
8200.41, Mainly lath martensite-62.832346.67
8350.49, Mainly lath martensite10.4063.727245.19
8450.52, Mixture of lath and acicular martensite14.7064.134205.19
8550.55, Mixture of lath and acicular martensite-64.932633.53
8650.59, Mixture of lath and acicular martensite16.9065.129603.43
8750.67, Mainly acicular martensite21.2065.427392.55
8850.67, Mainly acicular martensite-65.324502.45

Observação: Tempered at 160°C.

6. Aplicações

  • Bearings: Its primary and most widespread application is in the manufacturing of various types of bearings, including races, steel balls, tapered rollers, cylindrical rollers, spherical rollers, and needles.
  • Molds and Dies (Cold Work): It is frequently used for cold stamping dies, cold heading dies, drawing dies, extrusion dies, and cutting dies/blades. It’s also suitable for plastic molds, especially those requiring high wear resistance, strength, and ability to handle high loads, and for other molds like rolling dies and powder metallurgy dies.
  • Precision Measuring Tools: GCr15 is a preferred material for precision measuring instruments such as gauge blocks, plug gauges, and thread ring gauges.
  • Machine Parts: It’s utilized in various machine components, including guide pillars and guide bushings, diesel engine injectors, and precision lead screws.
  • Other Applications: It’s also used for spring collets and as a material for general cutting tools.

7. Equivalent Material

  • AISI/SAE: 52100
  • DIN (German): 100Cr6 (or 1.3505)
  • JIS (Japanese): SUJ2
  • ISO: 100Cr6

Perguntas frequentes

What is GCr15 material?

GCr15 steel is a high-carbon chromium bearing steel and a low-alloy cold work mold steel. It is widely used due to its excellent hardness, wear resistance, and high contact fatigue performance after heat treatment.

What is the hardness of GCr15 in HRC?

After quenching, GCr15 steel typically achieves a hardness of ≥62 HRC, 61-65 HRC, or ≥63 HRC. After standard low-temperature tempering (150-190°C), its hardness generally ranges from 58-62 HRC to 61-65 HRC. For instance, GCr15, when oil quenched from 845°C and tempered at 150°C, can reach 61-65 HRC.

What is the difference between GCr15 and 52100?

GCr15 and 52100 steel are essentially the same material, serving as direct equivalents under different international standards. GCr15 is the Chinese designation, while 52100 is the American ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) designation.

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