Cr12Mo1V1 Cold Work Tool Steel
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Cr12Mo1V1 steel is a high-carbon, high-chromium type of ledeburitic cold work mold steel that is widely adopted internationally. It is also known by the American AISI/ASTM designation D2, the Japanese JIS designation SKD10 or SKD11, the German DIN designation X153CrMoV12-1 or 1.2379, and the Austrian Bohler designation K110.
1. Composition(GB / T 1299—2000)
| C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | V | P | S | Other |
| 1.40 – 1.60 | ≤0.60 | ≤0.60 | 11.0 – 13.0 | 0.70 – 1.20 | 0.50 – 1.10 | ≤0.030 | ≤0.030 | Co ≤1.00 |
2. Physical Properties of Cr12Mo1V1 Steel
2.1 Critical Point Temperature
| Critical Point | Ac₁ | Acₑₘ | Ar₁ | Arₑₘ | Ms |
| Temperature (Approx. value) /°C | 810 | 875 | 695 | 750 | 190 |
2.2 Linear Expansion Coefficient
| Temperature/°C | 20 ~ 100 | 20 ~ 200 | 20 ~ 300 | 20 ~ 400 |
| Linear Expansion Coefficient α /× 10⁻⁶°C⁻¹ | 10.5 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 12.2 |
2.3 Other Physical Properties
| Modulus of Elasticity E/MPa | Specific Heat Capacity cₚ/[J/(kg·K)] |
| 207000 | 461 |
3. Forging Process Specification of Cr12Mo1V1 Steel
| Item | Heating Temperature/°C | Initial Forging Temperature/°C | Final Forging Temperature/°C | Cooling Method |
| Steel Ingot | 1120 ~ 1160 | 1050 ~ 1090 | ≥850 | High-temperature annealing |
| Steel Billet | 1120 ~ 1140 | 1050 ~ 1070 | ≥850 | High-temperature annealing, pit cooling, or sand cooling |
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4. Heat Treatment of Cr12Mo1V1 Steel
4.1 Preheating
| Plan | Process Parameters |
| Forging blank, steel ingot annealing process | Heat at a rate of <100°C/h to 870 ~ 890°C, hold for 2 – 4h, cool at a rate of <30°C/h to below 550°C, then air cool. |
| Steel material isothermal annealing process | Heating temperature is 840 ~ 860°C, hold for 2h; furnace cool to 720 ~ 740°C, hold for 4h, furnace cool to below 550°C, then air cool. Annealed hardness is 205 ~ 255 HBW. |
4.2 Quenching
Quenching Process Specification
| Heating Temperature/°C | Cooling | Hardness HRC | |
| Plan | 1st Preheat | 2nd Preheat | Quench Heating |
| Ⅰ | 500 ~ 600 | 820 ~ 860 | 980 ~ 1040 |
| Ⅱ | 500 ~ 600 | 820 ~ 860 | 1060 ~ 1100 |
Relationship between Quenching Temperature, Hardness, and Retained Austenite Content
| Quenching Temperature/°C | 900 | 950 | 980 | 1000 | 1030 | 1050 | 1080 | 1100 | 1130 |
| Hardness HRC | 52.5 | 57.5 | 60 | 63.5 | 64 | 63 | 62.5 | 62 | 60 |
| Retained Austenite Content (Volume fraction, %) | — | 4 | 4 | 4.5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 24 | — |
4.3 Tempering
Recommended Tempering Process Specification
| Quenching Plan | Tempering Temperature/°C | Number of Tempering Cycles | Hardness HRC |
| Ⅰ | 180 ~ 230 | 1 | 60 ~ 64 |
| Ⅱ | 510 ~ 540 | 2 | 60 ~ 64 |
The effect of tempering temperature on hardness
| Quenching condition | Tempering Temperature | Untempered (HRC) | 200°C | 250°C | 300°C | 350°C | 400°C | 450°C | 500°C | 550°C | 600°C | 650°C | 700°C |
| 1010℃/air cooled | Harndness(HRC) | 62 | 60.5 | 59.5 | 58.5 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 56 | 48 | 42 | 36.5 |
| 1010℃/oil quenched | Harndness(HRC) | 62.5 | 61.5 | 60 | 58.5 | 58.5 | 58.5 | 58.5 | 59.5 | 56 | 48 | 42 | 36.5 |
| 1066℃/air cooled | Harndness(HRC) | 63 | 61.5 | 60.5 | 60 | 59.5 | 59.5 | 59.5 | 60.5 | 61.5 | 51 | 43 | 40.5 |
| 1066℃/oil quenched | Harndness(HRC) | 63 | 61.5 | 60 | 59.5 | 59.5 | 59.5 | 60 | 61 | 62.5 | 51 | 44 | 38 |
| 1121℃/air cooled | Harndness(HRC) | 60.5 | 59.5 | 58 | 57.5 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 59.5 | 62 | 51.5 | 44 | 40.5 |
| 1121℃/oil quenched | Harndness(HRC) | 60 | 58 | 58.5 | 56 | 54 | 54.5 | 56.5 | 58 | 61 | 57 | 44 | 38 |
5. Mechanical Properties of Cr12Mo1V1 Steel
Cr12Mo1V1 steel is a high-carbon, high-chromium steel, possessing high hardenability, quenching hardenability, and wear resistance. Due to the higher content of Molybdenum (Mo) and Vanadium (V) elements compared to Cr12MoV steel, the as-cast structure within the steel is improved, the crystal grains are refined, and the carbide morphology is enhanced. Consequently, the steel exhibits superior toughness indicators such as tensile strength, hardness, and impact toughness, along with good wear resistance and higher tempering resistance. A comparison of the mechanical properties between Cr12Mo1V1 steel and Cr12MoV steel is shown in the Table.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties between Cr12Mo1V1 and Cr12MoV Steel
| Quenching Temperature/°C | Steel Grade | Bending Strength (σb)/MPa | Impact Toughness (aK)/J/cm² | Hardness HRC |
| 1020 | Cr12Mo1V1 | 3262 | 40 | 59.3 |
| Cr12MoV | 2888 | 40 | 61.0 | |
| 1060 | Cr12Mo1V1 | 1550 | 35.5 | 61.0 |
| Cr12MoV | 796 | 10 | 61.5 |
6. Applications
Cr12Mo1V1 steel is primarily used for manufacturing various high-precision, long-life cold work molds, tools, and measuring instruments. Specific applications include:
• Complex-shaped punching dies/cavity dies.
• Silicon steel sheet blanking dies.
• Trimming dies, rolling dies.
• Wire drawing dies.
• Cold extrusion dies.
• Steel plate deep drawing dies.
• Thread rolling dies/plates.
• Cold shearing blades/circular saws.
• Standard tools and gauges.
• Plastic molds requiring high precision, long life, and wear resistance.
• Used for heavy-duty, high-impact cold working applications.
7. Equivalent Grades
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