A2 Steel Technical Overview

A2 steel technical overview: A2 steel is a general-purpose, air-hardening tool steel. It’s known for having a good balance of abrasion resistance, toughness, and ductility. A2 offers more abrasion resistance than shock-resistant “S” series steels and better toughness and ductility than the wear-resistant “D” series. Chemically, it typically contains carbon, molybdenum, chromium, and vanadium. A key characteristic of A2 steel is its dimensional stability during heat treatment, with relatively low distortion. Because of these properties, it is widely used in various tooling applications.

1. A2 steel chemical composition

Element	Carbon (C)	Chromium (Cr)	Molybdenum (Mo)	Vanadium (V)	Manganese (Mn)	Silicon (Si)	Phosphorus (P)	Sulfur (S)
Percentage (%)	0.95 – 1.05	4.75 – 5.50	0.90 – 1.40	0.15 – 0.50	0.40 – 1.00	0.30 – 0.90	≤ 0.03	≤ 0.03

2. A2 steel mechanical property

Property	Details
Hardness
– As-quenched	63 HRC
– Tempered at 300 °F (150 °C)	62 HRC
– Normal working hardness	58–60 HRC (after air quenching from 1775 °F / 968 °C)
– Tempering behavior	Hardness decreases with increasing tempering temperature; good resistance to softening vs. plain carbon and O2 steels
Strength
– Torsional strength	Peaks after tempering at 150 °C (300 °F); higher than O1 tool steel across tempered conditions
– Tensile/Yield strength	Limited data available in broader references, not detailed here
Ductility and Toughness
– Torsional ductility	Does not significantly decrease during low-temperature tempering
– Torsional impact energy	Minimum absorbed energy when tempered at 260 °C (500 °F)
– Unnotched impact energy	Good, even when tempered to maintain high hardness
– Comparison	Better toughness and ductility than D-series wear steels
Wear Resistance	Very good; better than S-series shock steels but less than D-series wear steels
Machinability	A rating of 60 (compared to 1% carbon tool steel at 100) when properly annealed
Dimensional Stability	Good due to air-hardening nature; expands ~0.001 in./in. (0.001 mm/mm) when air quenched from 1775 °F

3. Applications

The A2 is a very versatile tool steel with many applications, most notably in cold-work tooling. It is suitable for many purposes due to its key properties, such as a good balance of wear resistance and toughness, good dimensional stability during air hardening, and moderate machinability.

Below are specific applications of A2 steel according to its properties:

• Blanking and Piercing Dies: High abrasion-resistant A2 steel is the ideal material for blanks, particularly in large production lots, especially where hot-rolled unpickled steel will be used. It is the most widely used for those applications, a good compromise between wear and breakage.
• Forming Dies: Its good combination of wear resistance and toughness makes it useful for many forming operations. This includes applications where the die needs to withstand both abrasive wear and forming stresses.

• Punches： A2 steel is preferred for punches because of its toughness, which is usually more important in punch applications than extreme wear resistance. Although wear resistance is not to be undervalued, grades such as D2 may not possess adequate toughness for a good punch.

• Shear Blades:  A2 can be used to make shear blades when moderate wear resistance and high strength to endure cutting forces are required.

• Thread Rolling Dies: A2 steel is one option for thread-rolling dies. It will give a decent life, although not the same as more wear-resistant grades, e.g., D2 or M2, in long production runs.

• Gauges: A2 steel’s dimensionally stable nature post air hardening makes it ideal for use as precision gauges, where holding exact dimensions is important.

• Machine Components: A2 steel can be used for machine components such as cams, shafts, and spindles. These components require a good balance between strength, moderate wear resistance, and good dimensional stability.

• Plastic Injection Molds: Martensitic stainless steels are sometimes preferred, but A2 steel can be used for plastic injection molds, particularly in areas where a combination of good wear resistance and good dimensional stability is required.

• Hot Bolt Header Dies, Swaging Dies, and Rivet Busters: Some sources classify these as shock-resisting types, but A2’s toughness and hardness can allow applications that require a combination of wear resistance and strain.

• Coining dies: A2 steel can be utilized for normal coining designs that need close dimensional replication. It provides a fair blend of compression resistance and dimensional stability.

4. H13 steel heat treatment

4.1 Preheat:

• Typically, the process is initiated with a heating period to approximately 1200°F (650°C). This is an essential step to allow heat to equalize in the part and to relieve stresses before the metal becomes too soft.
• Preheating for 10-15 minutes is often advised.

4.2 Austenitizing (Hardening):

• After preheating, the steel is brought to the hardening temperature range, generally around 1775°F (970°C) for A2 steel.
• At this temperature, steel transforms to austenite, into which carbon and the alloying elements are placed in a homogeneous solution.
• A soak time at this austenitizing temperature must be given to allow the part’s cross-section to transform completely and uniformly to austenite. The general soak time is 1 hour per inch (25mm) of thickness. Soaking for too long can also cause problems.

4.3 Quenching:

• A2 steel is an air-hardening steel. This means it is usually air cooled to the range from the austenitizing temperature to obtain hardening.
• The cooling rate is key to the conversion of austenite into martensite.
• To prevent scaling, the steel should not come into contact with the atmosphere until it loses its visible red heat.
• At larger cross-sections (over approximately 5″ or 127mm), air won’t be sufficient to achieve full hardness, and this is when alternate quenching methods, such as oil quenching, may be utilized, though that is not the normal use case for A2 tool steel.

4.4 Tempering:

• The martensite structure formed from quenching is hard but also brittle and has internal stresses. Tempering relieves these stresses and increases toughness.
• Tempering involves reheating the steel to a medium temperature, maintaining it for a certain period, and then cooling it down, often in air.
• The first tempering temperature for A2 steel is about 400°F (205°C).
• The tempering cycle typically involves holding the thinnest cross-section at the tempering temperature for 2 hours/inch (25mm).
• Therefore, a second temper is usually suggested for most tool steels such as A2; the grain structure can further be refined, wear resistance achieved, and additional stress relief given. In our practice, if a second temper is applied to A2, it is usually done at a temperature about 25°F (14°C) lower than the first and for the same time (2 hours per inch of thinnest cross-section). For instance, a second temper could be at 375 °F (190 °C).

4.5 Important Considerations:

• Dimensional Stability During Heat Treatment: As previously mentioned, one of the advantages of A2 steel is good dimensional stability during heat treatment—a 0.001 in./in. (0.001 mm/mm) expansion can be expected during air quenching. However, distortion can still happen based on part geometry and uneven heating or cooling.

• Retained Austenite: Some retained austenite (austenite not transformed by this quenched process into martensite) may exist. That being said, tempering at stage two, in particular, changes the retained austenite to more stable forms, aiding dimensional stability.

• Straightening: If required, after the material has cooled but before it has reached the fully hardened condition, the A2 steel component can be straightened when the temperature is above~400°F (205°C).

Furnace Calibration and Atmosphere — A properly calibrated furnace is essential for best results. Furthermore, heat treatment of A2 steel should, ideally, be executed in a neutral atmosphere, vacuum or neutral-salt furnace environment to prevent decarburization. Wrapping with stainless steel foil can also serve as surface protection while warming up.

By following these steps and adhering to recommended temperatures and times, you can effectively heat treat A2 steel to achieve the desired balance of hardness, toughness, and wear resistance for your factory’s applications.

5. Comparison of A2 and other steels

A2 VS D2

The following chart provides a quantitative comparison of the performance of A2 and D2, including hardening and dimensional stability, wear resistance, toughness, machinability, and applications.

A2VS O1

The following chart provides a quantitative comparison of the performance of A2 and O1, including wear resistance, dimensional stability, hardenability, machinability, toughness, and cost & availability.