{"id":9541,"date":"2025-08-05T14:44:50","date_gmt":"2025-08-05T06:44:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=9541"},"modified":"2026-04-02T13:04:48","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T05:04:48","slug":"selection-of-steels-for-cold-heading-dies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/selection-of-steels-for-cold-heading-dies\/","title":{"rendered":"Cold Heading Die Steel Selection Guide | Tool Steel Supplier Aobo Steel"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-961a1438 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-selection-of-tool-steel-for-cold-heading-dies\">Selection of Tool Steel for Cold-Heading Dies<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cold heading is a bulk-forming process used to produce high-volume components, such as fasteners, by plastic deformation at room temperature. The dies are subjected to cyclic impact loading and compressive stresses up to approximately 2413 MPa (350 ksi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although classified as a cold process, localized temperatures at the die-workpiece interface can rise by several hundred degrees Celsius due to deformation energy and friction. This affects surface hardness and accelerates wear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under these conditions, die failure is primarily governed by abrasive wear, adhesive galling, and fatigue cracking. In high-load applications, insufficient toughness leads to edge chipping or sudden brittle fracture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fatores de sele\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tool steel selection for cold-heading dies is determined by the interplay among wear resistance, toughness, and compressive strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High surface hardness is required to resist abrasion, adhesion, and plastic deformation. In most applications, the working hardness ranges from 56\u201362 HRC. However, increasing hardness reduces toughness, which increases the risk of cracking under cyclic impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, cold-heading dies are not designed as components with uniform hardness. Instead, performance depends on a hardness gradient: a hard, wear-resistant surface supported by a tougher core that absorbs impact stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This requirement is achieved through two approaches:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Shallow-hardening steels develop a hard surface with a relatively tough core during heat treatment. They are suitable for solid dies under high impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deep-hardening, high-alloy steels provide uniform high hardness and are therefore used as inserts, where a tougher outer casing carries the mechanical load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The selection is therefore not only material-based, but also depends on whether the die is designed as a solid tool or an insert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A\u00e7os para ferramentas recomendados<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-750a5f82\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aisi-d2-tool-steel-1-2379-skd11\">A\u00e7o ferramenta AISI D2 |1.2379 | SKD11<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D2 is used in applications where abrasive wear is the dominant failure mechanism and impact loading is moderate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its high carbon and chromium content produces a large volume of hard carbides, providing strong wear resistance at 58\u201360 HRC. However, its relatively low toughness makes it unsuitable for solid dies under heavy impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this reason, D2 is typically used as an insert, where the surrounding die structure absorbs the load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50 hs-cta-trigger-button hs-cta-trigger-button-230288465624\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">Enviar consulta agora<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50 is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-3-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/d2-tool-steel\/\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff00\">Veja os detalhes de fornecimento de materiais D2<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-750a5f82\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S1 and S7 (Shock-Resisting Tool Steels)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1 and S7 are selected when impact-induced fracture is the dominant failure mode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S7 is widely used due to its air-hardening behavior and stable toughness. It is typically used at 56\u201358 HRC to reduce the risk of impact-induced cracking. Compared with higher-hardness steels, it provides lower wear resistance but significantly higher resistance to fatigue fracture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1 is preferred in dies with stress concentration, where crack initiation must be controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These steels are suitable for solid dies operating under severe impact conditions, where wear is not the primary limiting factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50 hs-cta-trigger-button hs-cta-trigger-button-230288465624\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">Enviar consulta agora<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50 is-style-outline is-style-outline--2\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-3-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/s1-tool-steel\/\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff00\">View S1\/S7 Material Supply Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-750a5f82\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aisi-m2-tool-steel-1-3343-skh51\">A\u00e7o ferramenta AISI M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M2 is used in high-load applications involving severe wear, high contact stress, or work-hardening materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It offers higher compressive strength and wear resistance than D2 and is typically used at 62\u201364 HRC. Unlike conventional cold-work steels, M2 maintains hardness under elevated temperatures, which helps prevent surface softening and plastic deformation during high-speed forming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to cost, M2 is primarily used as an insert in critical wear zones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50 hs-cta-trigger-button hs-cta-trigger-button-230288465624\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">Enviar consulta agora<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50 is-style-outline is-style-outline--3\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-3-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/m2-tool-steel\/\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff00\">Veja os detalhes de fornecimento de material M2.<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-750a5f82\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">W1 and W2 (Water-Hardening Tool Steels)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W1 and W2 are shallow-hardening steels used for punches and solid dies under high impact loading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They can achieve a surface hardness above 60 HRC while maintaining a tougher core, owing to their limited hardenability. This structure allows the die to absorb impact without cracking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, water quenching introduces a high risk of distortion and cracking, which limits its use to simple geometries and smaller sections.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tabela Resumo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>A\u00e7o ferramenta de alta qualidade<\/td><td>Dureza t\u00edpica<\/td><td>Primary Selection Role<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W1 \/ W2<\/td><td>Surface: 60+ HRC \/ Core: 40\u201350 HRC<\/td><td>Solid dies under high impact with simple geometry<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S1 \/ S7<\/td><td>56\u201358 HRC<\/td><td>Solid dies require maximum resistance to impact and fatigue<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td>58\u201360 HRC<\/td><td>Inserts for wear-dominated applications<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M2<\/td><td>62\u201364 HRC<\/td><td>Inserts for high load, high wear, and thermal softening conditions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Selection of Tool Steel for Cold-Heading Dies Cold heading is a bulk-forming process used to produce high-volume components, such as fasteners, by plastic deformation at room temperature. The dies are subjected to cyclic impact loading and compressive stresses up to approximately 2413 MPa (350 ksi). Although classified as a cold process, localized temperatures at the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4760,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"content-type":"landing-page","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9541","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6.1 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cold Heading Die Steel Selection Guide | Tool Steel Supplier Aobo Steel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How to select tool steel for cold-heading dies based on wear, impact, and load conditions. 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