{"id":24996,"date":"2026-11-04T18:13:24","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T10:13:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=24996"},"modified":"2026-11-04T18:13:24","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T10:13:24","slug":"aluminum-extrusion-billet-quality","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/aluminum-extrusion-billet-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"Qualidade do tarugo que se manifesta na matriz"},"content":{"rendered":"

Qualidade do tarugo que se manifesta na matriz<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

A maior parte do que uma ferramentaria \u00e9 chamada a corrigir come\u00e7a no tarugo. A camada de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o, o teor de g\u00e1s, as inclus\u00f5es de \u00f3xido e o estado do Mg2Si chegam \u00e0 matriz antes de o primeiro canal ser usinado, e cada um deles tem uma assinatura: uma estria que s\u00f3 aparece ap\u00f3s a anodiza\u00e7\u00e3o, uma bolha que s\u00f3 aparece ap\u00f3s o envelhecimento, um agarramento que nenhum polimento remove. Esta p\u00e1gina apresenta as propriedades do tarugo que a fonte considera decisivas, os n\u00fameros que uma fundi\u00e7\u00e3o consegue efetivamente manter e o que cada uma faz na prensa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por que a qualidade do tarugo \u00e9 uma vari\u00e1vel de prensa, e n\u00e3o um detalhe de compra<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A posi\u00e7\u00e3o publicada \u00e9 direta: a qualidade do tarugo \u00e9 de primordial import\u00e2ncia para a produtividade, e o lugar para observ\u00e1-la \u00e9 a superf\u00edcie de se\u00e7\u00f5es grandes e finas. Um tarugo limpo \u00e9 extrudado mais r\u00e1pido e sai com melhor superf\u00edcie, porque o mesmo fluxo de metal que produz a forma \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m o que arrasta a camada superficial, as inclus\u00f5es e o g\u00e1s para o produto. Melhorar o tarugo \u00e9, portanto, uma das poucas mudan\u00e7as que elevam velocidade e qualidade ao mesmo tempo, em vez de trocar uma pela outra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As propriedades, os n\u00fameros e o defeito que cada uma origina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Propriedade<\/th>Valor indicado pela fonte<\/th>O que faz na prensa<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Camada de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o inversa<\/td>120 a 150 µm com lingotamento DC convencional; 50 µm ou menos com lingotamento hot top<\/td>Uma pele rica em perit\u00e9tico que flui para a superf\u00edcie e aparece como estria ap\u00f3s a anodiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr>
Zona de casca<\/td>At\u00e9 15 mm de profundidade<\/td>Alimenta preferencialmente as partes mais largas da se\u00e7\u00e3o, gerando uma faixa que sofre ataque e anodiza\u00e7\u00e3o de forma diferente<\/td><\/tr>
Teor de g\u00e1s<\/td>Abaixo de 0,12 cm³ por 100 litros de alum\u00ednio, medido com analisador Telegas<\/td>Porosidade por hidrog\u00eanio; bolhas que se abrem durante o tratamento de solubiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, piores nas ligas 7xxx e em se\u00e7\u00f5es finas<\/td><\/tr>
Inclus\u00f5es de \u00f3xido<\/td>Removidas com filtros cer\u00e2micos de tubo radiante na calha<\/td>Agarramento e inicia\u00e7\u00e3o de linha de matriz; a part\u00edcula dura que entalha a entrada do canal<\/td><\/tr>
Estado do Mg2Si<\/td>Precipitados grosseiros se o tarugo resfriar lentamente a partir da temperatura de homogeneiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>Uma camada subcut\u00e2nea fraca que cisalha na matriz; o vazio deixado atr\u00e1s inicia uma trinca superficial<\/td><\/tr>
Completude da homogeneiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>Fase de ferro totalmente esferoidizada, n\u00e3o parcialmente<\/td>A esferoidiza\u00e7\u00e3o parcial \u00e9 suficiente para aumentar o agarramento em condi\u00e7\u00f5es que de outra forma passariam<\/td><\/tr>
Controle da temperatura do banho<\/td>Dentro de mais ou menos 5 °C, com agitador de banho<\/td>Uniformidade de composi\u00e7\u00e3o ao longo do lingote, que decide se o \u00faltimo tarugo se comporta como o primeiro<\/td><\/tr>
Composi\u00e7\u00e3o da carga<\/td>50 a 60 por cento de sucata adicionada ao lingote virgem<\/td>Elementos-tra\u00e7o se acumulam; acima dos limites alteram a tens\u00e3o de escoamento e o comportamento superficial<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Valores conforme publicados para a pr\u00e1tica comercial de lingotamento. Os n\u00fameros de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o referem-se \u00e0s duas rotas de lingotamento citadas; o limite de g\u00e1s \u00e9 o ponto de controle recomendado pela fonte, n\u00e3o uma especifica\u00e7\u00e3o universal.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A camada de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um problema superficial com profundidade<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Duas camadas diferentes est\u00e3o envolvidas e se comportam de modo distinto. A zona de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o superficial produzida nos primeiros instantes da solidifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 rasa: cerca de 100 µm em um bom tarugo de 180 mm, at\u00e9 cerca de 1 mm em um tarugo ruim, e mais onde h\u00e1 cold shuts ou blebs. Por ser rasa, o fluxo normal de extrus\u00e3o a mant\u00e9m fora do produto em um bom tarugo. A zona de casca \u00e9 a outra, e atinge at\u00e9 15 mm de profundidade, raz\u00e3o pela qual n\u00e3o pode ser ignorada: \u00e9 espessa o suficiente para ser alimentada na superf\u00edcie onde a se\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 larga e o fluxo para essa regi\u00e3o \u00e9 r\u00e1pido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A consequ\u00eancia pr\u00e1tica \u00e9 que as estrias de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o s\u00e3o um problema de matriz nem de anodiza\u00e7\u00e3o. S\u00e3o um problema de lingotamento e de decapagem, e a rota hot top reduz a camada de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o inversa em mais da metade em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao lingotamento DC convencional. Uma empresa que compra tarugo em vez de lingot\u00e1-lo tem uma alavanca aqui: decapar o tarugo, ou compr\u00e1-lo decapado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O g\u00e1s \u00e9 um problema de tratamento t\u00e9rmico que come\u00e7a no banho<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

O hidrog\u00eanio \u00e9 o \u00fanico g\u00e1s apreciavelmente sol\u00favel no alum\u00ednio, e entra durante a fus\u00e3o, o lingotamento, a limpeza e a decapagem. Ele precipita nas inclus\u00f5es e nos contornos de gr\u00e3o como hidrog\u00eanio molecular, que n\u00e3o consegue difundir de volta para fora, e se expande durante o tratamento de solubiliza\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 por isso que um tarugo que extrusa limpo ainda pode produzir bolhas ap\u00f3s o envelhecimento, e por que o defeito \u00e9 pior em se\u00e7\u00f5es finas e nas ligas com maior teor de magn\u00e9sio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A desgaseifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9, portanto, uma especifica\u00e7\u00e3o do tarugo, n\u00e3o uma cortesia da fundi\u00e7\u00e3o. O ponto de controle publicado \u00e9 abaixo de 0,12 cm³ por 100 litros de alum\u00ednio, medido na calha ou no distribuidor antes e depois do tratamento do banho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O que isso muda para a matriz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00eas dos defeitos acima acabam sendo atribu\u00eddos \u00e0 matriz, e nenhum deles responde ao a\u00e7o da matriz. Um agarramento que persiste em uma matriz rec\u00e9m-polida e rec\u00e9m-nitretada geralmente \u00e9 causado por inclus\u00f5es. Uma linha de matriz que retorna ap\u00f3s o polimento pode ser o entalhe deixado por uma part\u00edcula dura na entrada do canal. E uma superf\u00edcie que rasga a uma temperatura dentro da janela publicada costuma ser uma camada subcut\u00e2nea cheia de Mg2Si grosseiro, que cisalha antes da matriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9 tamb\u00e9m por isso que um a\u00e7o mais limpo n\u00e3o resolve tudo. Se o lingote \u00e9 a origem do defeito, mudar a classe desloca o custo sem alterar o perfil. A p\u00e1gina sobre pick-up e linhas de estiramento explica como distinguir esses casos na prensa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O que isso significa para um pedido de a\u00e7o para matrizes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nada disso reduz o que a matriz tem de suportar. Ela suporta melhor quando o lingote est\u00e1 limpo, e o a\u00e7o ainda precisa manter a dureza na zona de apoio e receber uma camada nitretada. O programa 1.2344 ESR para ferramentas de extrus\u00e3o est\u00e1 em p\u00e1gina de fornecimento de extrus\u00e3o 1.2344 ESR H13<\/a>, o grau em p\u00e1gina do a\u00e7o ferramenta H13<\/a>, e a camada no p\u00e1gina de nitreta\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7o ferramenta<\/a>. Os defeitos explicados nesta p\u00e1gina s\u00e3o descritos na prensa em p\u00e1gina de linhas de pick-up e de molde<\/a>, a janela de temperatura em p\u00e1gina de temperatura de extrus\u00e3o<\/a>, e a zona de apoio que sofre o dano em p\u00e1gina de comprimento de apoio da matriz<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antes de incluir isso em uma especifica\u00e7\u00e3o de lingote<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e3o valores publicados da pr\u00e1tica comercial, e v\u00e1rios s\u00e3o pontos de controle e n\u00e3o limites de aceita\u00e7\u00e3o. O teor de g\u00e1s, as profundidades de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o e a taxa de carga dependem todos da rota de lingotamento, da liga e da fundi\u00e7\u00e3o. Use-os para fazer a pergunta certa a um fornecedor de lingote e confirme os limites reais no certificado entregue e na primeira pe\u00e7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fonte: Extrusion of Aluminium Alloys, T. Sheppard, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999, se\u00e7\u00f5es 6.4, 6.7 e 7.9.2.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Billet Quality That Shows Up at the Die Most of what a die shop is asked to fix starts in the billet. The segregation layer, the gas content, the oxide inclusions and the state of the Mg2Si all arrive at the die before the first bearing is cut, and each of them has a signature: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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