{"id":21330,"date":"2026-10-08T13:26:12","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T05:26:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=21330"},"modified":"2026-10-09T22:45:41","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T14:45:41","slug":"nondestructive-testing-methods-for-steel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/nondestructive-testing-methods-for-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Escolha de um m\u00e9todo de ensaio n\u00e3o destrutivo para a\u00e7o"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n\n:root{\n    --aobo-accent:#2563eb; --aobo-accent-dark:#1e1e2e; --aobo-blue:#0c56d0; --aobo-blue-dark:#073b91;\n    --aobo-text:#333; --aobo-muted:#888; --aobo-border:#e5e7eb; --aobo-border-dark:#ddd;\n    --aobo-stripe:#f7f7f9; --aobo-hover:#e8f0fe; --aobo-radius:8px; --aobo-radius-sm:6px;\n    --aobo-orange:#f59e0b; --aobo-fill:#e9ecef;\n  }\n  *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n  html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}\n  body{margin:0;background:#fff;color:var(--aobo-text);\n    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.ht-spec-label,.entry-content[class] .idx,.entry-content[class] .k{font-weight: 700 !important}.entry-content[class] .aobo-note,.entry-content[class] .note{font-family: var(--ds-font-body) !important;color: var(--ds-muted) !important}.entry-content[class] .chip{font-family: var(--ds-font-head) !important;font-size: 13px !important;font-weight: 700 !important}.entry-content[class] .kicker,.entry-content[class] .eyebrow,.entry-content[class] .aobo-eyebrow{display: inline-flex !important;align-items: center;gap: 7px;margin: 0 0 14px !important;padding: 6px 14px !important;border: 1px solid var(--ds-border) !important;border-radius: 999px !important;background: #ffffff !important;color: var(--ds-blue) !important;font-family: var(--ds-font-head) !important;font-size: 13px !important;font-weight: 700 !important;letter-spacing: 0 !important;text-transform: none !important}@media (max-width: 760px){.entry-content[class] h1{font-size: clamp(22px,6.4vw,min(34px,var(--h1-max,34px))) !important}.entry-content[class] h2{font-size: 25px !important}.entry-content[class] h3{font-size: 20px !important}.entry-content[class] h4{font-size: 17px !important}.entry-content[class] p,.entry-content[class] li{font-size: 16px !important}.entry-content[class] table th,.entry-content[class] table td{font-size: 14px !important;padding: 11px 12px !important}.entry-content[class] .aobo-hero{padding: 30px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta{padding: 26px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta .aobo-btn{width: 100%}}\n<\/style>\n<section class=\"aobo-ht-ref ts-props\">\n<div class=\"aobo-wrap\">\n\n<div class=\"ts-hero\">\n<div class=\"ts-hero-top\">\n<div class=\"ts-kicker\"><span><\/span>Tool Steel | Nondestructive Testing | Defect Detection<\/div>\n<h1 style=\"--h1-max:38px\">Choosing a Nondestructive Test Method for Steel<\/h1>\n<p>The first question a buyer asks about a bar of tool steel is whether there is a crack inside it, and the useful answer starts from the flaw rather than from the instrument. A method that finds a void will miss a tight crack, and a method that finds a tight crack cannot see past the surface. This page sets out which nondestructive method answers which question on steel, and what each method needs from the material before it can work at all.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ts-tool-area\">\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Start from the flaw, not from the instrument<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Nondestructive evaluation is a family of activities rather than a single test. The published guide divides it into nine areas, of which seven are useful on steel. They are flaw detection, leak detection, dimensional metrology, locating a component inside an assembly, characterizing microstructure, estimating mechanical and physical properties, and measuring stress or strain. The remaining two, signature analysis and chemical composition, are handled by other methods and are outside this volume.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Almost every question that reaches a tool steel supplier falls under flaw detection, and the published advice for picking a method is to fix six things before any instrument is chosen. They are the reason for the test, the type of flaw, the size and orientation of the flaw that will be rejected, where the flaw is expected to sit, the size and shape of the part, and the characteristics of the material.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The reason falls into three cases. In-process inspection checks a part after a fabrication step, final inspection clears it for use, and in-service inspection decides whether a part already in service can continue. Once the reason is set, the rejectable flaw has to be defined, and it is usually defined by a code or a purchase specification rather than by the shop floor. That rejectable flaw then drives everything else.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Volumetric flaws and the methods that find them<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">A volumetric flaw is one that can be described by three dimensions or by a volume. Porosity, inclusions, slag, shrinkage and corrosion all fall into this class, and they change the density or the cross section of the steel in a way that a through-thickness method can detect. The two columns below are independent lists rather than matched pairs. The first names the volumetric flaws, and the second names every method in the volume that has been used to detect them.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th style=\"width:34%\">Volumetric flaws<\/th><th>NDE detection methods<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Porosity<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Visual inspection (surface)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Inclusions<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Replication microscopy (surface)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Slag<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Liquid penetrant (surface)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Tungsten<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Magnetic particle (surface and subsurface)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Other<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Eddy current<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Shrinkage<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Microwave<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Holes and voids<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Ultrasonic<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Corrosion thinning<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Radiography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Corrosion pitting<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">X-ray computed tomography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Neutron radiography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Thermography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Optical holography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Speckle metrology<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Digital image enhancement (surface)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Volumetric flaw classification and the detection methods applied to it, reproduced from the Guide to Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques in ASM Handbook, Volume 17. Entry methods marked surface react only to a flaw that reaches the surface, and the rest are stated against the depth they can reach where the source gives it.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Planar flaws need a different set of methods<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">A planar flaw is thin in one dimension and larger in the other two, so it carries almost no volume to change the density of the steel. A seam, a lamination and a crack are all planar, and the methods that find them are largely different from those that find a void. This is why a single test rarely closes the question, and why the same bar can pass one method and fail another on a different flaw.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th style=\"width:34%\">Planar flaws<\/th><th>NDE detection methods<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Seams<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Visual inspection<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Lamination<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Replication microscopy<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Lack of bonding<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Magnetic particle<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Forging or rolling lap<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Magnetic field<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Casting cold shut<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Eddy current<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Heat treatment cracks<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Microwave<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Grinding cracks<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Electric current perturbation<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Plating cracks<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Magabsorption<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Fatigue cracks<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Ultrasonic<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Stress-corrosion cracks<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Acoustic emission<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Welding cracks<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Thermography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Lack of fusion<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Incomplete penetration<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Brazing debond<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Planar flaw classification and the detection methods applied to it, reproduced from the Guide to Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques in ASM Handbook, Volume 17. Heat treatment cracks, grinding cracks and fatigue cracks in this list are the ones a tool steel user meets most often.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Surface flaws and interior flaws<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The next split is position. A flaw that breaks the surface is accessible to a chemical or a magnetic method, while a flaw that sits inside the steel needs a wave that travels through it. The two columns below again hold independent lists, one for methods that reach a surface flaw and one for methods that reach an interior flaw. A short list appears in both, because it works in both places.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th style=\"width:34%\">Methods for surface flaws<\/th><th>Methods for interior flaws<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Visual inspection<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Magnetic particle (limited use)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Replication microscopy<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Magnetic field<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Liquid penetrant<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Electric current perturbation<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Magnetic particle<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Magabsorption<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Magnetic field<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Eddy current<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Electric current perturbation<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Microwave<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Magabsorption<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Ultrasonic<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Eddy current<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Acoustic emission<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Ultrasonic<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Radiography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Acoustic emission<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">X-ray computed tomography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Thermography<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Neutron radiography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Optical holography<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Thermography (possible)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Speckle metrology<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Optical holography (possible)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Acoustic holography<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Acoustic holography (possible)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Digital image enhancement<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Acoustic microscopy<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\"><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>NDE methods for the detection of surface and interior flaws, reproduced from the Guide to Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques in ASM Handbook, Volume 17. Magnetic particle is marked as limited use for interior flaws because its useful depth is small, and the entries marked possible are the borderline ones in the source.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">How thick the part is, and how complex<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Penetrating power sets a ceiling on the part size each method can handle, and the published guide gives approximate limits. The thickness figures are approximate because the exact value depends on the physical properties of the material being examined, and any method that suits a thick object can also be used on a thin one. Neutron radiography is the single exception, since it is not useful on most thin objects.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th style=\"width:34%\">Size of the object<\/th><th>Methods suited to it<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Surface only, independent of size<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Visual inspection, replication microscopy, digital image enhancement, liquid penetrant<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Thin object, to about 1 mm or 0.04 in.<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Magnetic particle, magnetic field, magabsorption, eddy current<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Thicker, to about 3 mm or 0.12 in.<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Microwave, optical holography, speckle metrology, acoustic holography, acoustic microscopy<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Heavier, to about 100 mm or 4 in.<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">X-ray computed tomography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Heavy, to about 250 mm or 10 in.<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Neutron radiography and X-ray radiography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Thickest, to about 10 m or 33 ft<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Ultrasonic inspection<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Comparison of NDE methods by size of the object to be evaluated, reproduced from the Guide to Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques in ASM Handbook, Volume 17. A method that suits a thick object can also be used on a thin one, except neutron radiography.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Shape is the second constraint, and it runs in the opposite direction to size. The methods that reach deepest and find the smallest flaws need the simplest shape, and the methods that tolerate a complex shape work only at the surface. The list below runs from the simplest shape at the top to the most complex at the bottom.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>NDE techniques by object shape, from simplest shape to most complex<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Optical holography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Acoustic holography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Acoustic microscopy (simplest shapes)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Thermography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Microwave<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Eddy current<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Magnetic particle<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Magnetic field<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Magabsorption<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Neutron radiography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">X-ray radiography<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Ultrasonic<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Liquid penetrant<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Digital image enhancement<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Replication microscopy<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Visual inspection<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">X-ray computed tomography (most complex shapes)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Comparison of NDE techniques by shape of the object to be evaluated, reproduced from the Guide to Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques in ASM Handbook, Volume 17.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">What the material itself allows<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Every method rests on a physical property of the steel, and if that property is absent the method cannot be used no matter how good the flaw definition is. Liquid penetrant needs the flaw to break the surface, <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/magnetic-particle-inspection-of-tool-steel\/\">magnetic particle<\/a> needs the steel to be magnetic, eddy current needs it to be conductive or magnetic, and radiography needs a difference in thickness, density or composition to cast a shadow. A nonmagnetic stainless grade, or an austenitic one, removes magnetic particle from the list before anything else is considered.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th style=\"width:34%\">Method<\/th><th>Characteristic critical to the method<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Liquid penetrant<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The flaw must intercept the surface<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Magnetic particle<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The material must be magnetic<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Eddy current<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The material must be electrically conductive or magnetic<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Microwave<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Microwave transmission through the part<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Radiography and X-ray computed tomography<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">A change in thickness, density or elemental composition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Neutron radiography<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">A change in thickness, density or elemental composition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Optical holography<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The optical properties of the surface<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>NDE methods and the material characteristic each one depends on, reproduced from the Guide to Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques in ASM Handbook, Volume 17.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Because each method has its own blind spot, the guide recommends combining methods with complementary reach. Ultrasonic inspection and radiography are the standard pair, since ultrasonic responds strongly to a planar crack that radiography may pass and radiography responds strongly to a void that ultrasonic may miss. What comes back from the test is only as good as the definition of the rejectable flaw that was written down first.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-dl\"><div class=\"ts-dl-txt\"><strong>Nondestructive testing methods for steel, printable PDF<\/strong> The flaw type and method matrices, the surface and interior method lists, the thickness and shape limits and the material requirements, in one PDF with our contact details.<\/div> <a class=\"ts-dl-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Nondestructive-Testing-Methods.pdf\" download> <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12 3v12m0 0 4.5-4.5M12 15l-4.5-4.5M4 20h16\"\/><\/svg> Download PDF <\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Grades and stock<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The flaw types in these lists are the ones a tool steel user meets on real bar and die work, and they are described one by one on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/steel-bar-defects\/\">the steel bar defects page<\/a>, which covers pipe, seams, laps and chevrons with an illustration of each.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">A nondestructive test sits on top of the chemical and metallographic checks rather than replacing them, and the two halves together are what a mill certificate reports. The chemical side is set out on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/how-steel-chemistry-is-tested\/\">the page on how steel chemistry is tested<\/a>, and the metallographic side on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/steel-inclusion-and-grain-size-measurement\/\">the inclusion and grain size page<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Where a part has already failed, the surface marks left by a crack are usually more informative than a fresh test of a sound part, and they are catalogued on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/fracture-surface-features-chart\/\">the fracture surface features chart<\/a>. The defects that grindability and heat treatment leave behind are collected on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/decarburization-and-stock-removal-tool-steel\/\">the decarburization and stock removal page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ts-dl\"><div class=\"ts-dl-txt\"><strong>Nondestructive testing methods for steel, printable PDF<\/strong> The flaw type and method matrices, the surface and interior method lists, the thickness and shape limits and the material requirements, in one PDF with our contact details.<\/div> <a class=\"ts-dl-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Nondestructive-Testing-Methods.pdf\" download> <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12 3v12m0 0 4.5-4.5M12 15l-4.5-4.5M4 20h16\"\/><\/svg> Download PDF <\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n<h3>Before you use these values<\/h3>\n<p>This page is a reference summary of published practice and it is not an Aobo Steel specification. The matrices are reproduced from the source tables, and the right method for a given part depends on the flaw definition and the acceptance criteria written into the purchase specification. Final method selection is confirmed on the job.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"ts-source\">Source: ASM Handbook, Volume 17, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, ASM International, 1989.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tool Steel | Nondestructive Testing | Defect Detection Choosing a Nondestructive Test Method for Steel The first question a buyer asks about a bar of tool steel is whether there is a crack inside it, and the useful answer starts from the flaw rather than from the instrument. A method that finds a void will [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21330","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.6 (Yoast SEO v28.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Choosing a Nondestructive Test Method for Steel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Which nondestructive method finds which flaw in steel. 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