{"id":21272,"date":"2026-10-08T04:43:50","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T20:43:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=21272"},"modified":"2026-10-16T01:54:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T17:54:55","slug":"microconstituents-tool-steel-after-hardening","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/microconstituents-tool-steel-after-hardening\/","title":{"rendered":"Microconstituintes em A\u00e7os Ferramenta Ap\u00f3s T\u00eampera"},"content":{"rendered":"

Microconstituintes em A\u00e7os Ferramenta Ap\u00f3s T\u00eampera<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Um a\u00e7o ferramenta temperado n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma \u00fanica estrutura. \u00c9 martensita, austenita retida e carbonetos n\u00e3o dissolvidos em conjunto, e a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de cada um determina a dureza que a pe\u00e7a atinge, a tenacidade que mant\u00e9m e o quanto se movimenta durante o tratamento. Esta p\u00e1gina apresenta as porcentagens volum\u00e9tricas medidas para quatro a\u00e7os ferramenta temperados a partir de suas temperaturas de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o recomendadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os tr\u00eas constituintes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A martensita \u00e9 o constituinte duro e fornece a dureza ap\u00f3s a t\u00eampera. Forma-se durante a t\u00eampera, quando a austenita mantida na temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o resfria r\u00e1pido o suficiente para se transformar sem difus\u00e3o de carbono.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A austenita retida \u00e9 a parte dessa austenita que nunca se transformou e ainda est\u00e1 presente \u00e0 temperatura ambiente. \u00c9 mais macia que a martensita e, como pode se transformar posteriormente, \u00e9 o constituinte que se movimenta quando o a\u00e7o \u00e9 revenido ou usado a quente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os carbonetos n\u00e3o dissolvidos s\u00e3o os carbonetos de liga que nunca entraram em solu\u00e7\u00e3o durante a austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o. Eles conferem a resist\u00eancia ao desgaste do grau, e o volume deixado n\u00e3o dissolvido aumenta com o teor de elementos formadores de carbonetos, principalmente cromo, molibd\u00eanio, tungst\u00eanio e van\u00e1dio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O equil\u00edbrio entre os tr\u00eas \u00e9 definido pelo teor de liga do grau, pela temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o e pela t\u00eampera. O teor de liga \u00e9 a maior das tr\u00eas alavancas, porque a liga dissolvida baixa a temperatura na qual a martensita come\u00e7a a se formar e, portanto, deixa mais austenita n\u00e3o transformada \u00e0 temperatura ambiente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Porcentagens volum\u00e9tricas ap\u00f3s a t\u00eampera<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
A\u00e7o<\/th>Tratamento de t\u00eampera<\/th>Dureza ap\u00f3s t\u00eampera, HRC<\/th>Martensita, % vol<\/th>Austenita retida, % vol<\/th>Carbonetos n\u00e3o dissolvidos, % vol<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
W1<\/td>790 °C (1450 °F), 30 min; WQ<\/td>67.0<\/td>88.5<\/td>9<\/td>2.5<\/td><\/tr>
L3<\/td>845 °C (1550 °F), 30 min; OQ<\/td>66.5<\/td>90<\/td>7<\/td>3.0<\/td><\/tr>
M2<\/td>1225 °C (2235 °F), 6 min; OQ<\/td>64<\/td>71.5<\/td>20<\/td>8.5<\/td><\/tr>
D2<\/td>1040 °C (1900 °F), 30 min; AC<\/td>62<\/td>45<\/td>40<\/td>15<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Microconstituintes nos a\u00e7os ferramenta W1, L3, M2 e D2 ap\u00f3s t\u00eampera a partir da temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o recomendada. WQ, t\u00eampera em \u00e1gua; OQ, t\u00eampera em \u00f3leo; AC, resfriamento ao ar. Fonte, Tabela 1 de Size Distortion in Tool Steels, em ASM Handbook, Volume 4, Heat Treating.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Estrutura temperada de quatro a\u00e7os ferramenta, PDF para impress\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

As tr\u00eas porcentagens volum\u00e9tricas para W1, L3, M2 e D2, com o tratamento de t\u00eampera a que cada valor se aplica, em um \u00fanico PDF com nossos dados de contato.<\/p>\n\n

\n
Baixar PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

O que os n\u00fameros dizem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

O W1 \u00e9 um grau ao carbono temperado em \u00e1gua, e sai da t\u00eampera como praticamente s\u00f3 martensita. Mediu 88,5% em volume de martensita, com 9% em volume de austenita retida e 2,5% em volume de carbonetos n\u00e3o dissolvidos a 67,0 HRC. O L3 comporta-se de modo semelhante a 66,5 HRC, com 90% em volume de martensita e 7% em volume de austenita retida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O M2 e o D2 seguem na dire\u00e7\u00e3o oposta. Seu teor de liga mant\u00e9m baixa a temperatura de in\u00edcio da martensita, de modo que uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o muito maior da austenita sobrevive \u00e0 t\u00eampera. A austenita retida medida \u00e9 de 20% em volume no M2 e 40% em volume no D2. A mesma liga deixa 8,5% em volume de carbonetos n\u00e3o dissolvidos no M2 e 15% em volume no D2. Nenhum dos graus atinge a dureza ap\u00f3s a t\u00eampera do W1, e a austenita retida \u00e9 a raz\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambas as leituras s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rias em conjunto. O volume de carbonetos \u00e9 o que faz o a\u00e7o ferramenta D2<\/a> manter o fio em trabalho abrasivo, enquanto o volume de austenita \u00e9 grande parte da raz\u00e3o pela qual o mesmo grau \u00e9 revenido, e em muitos trabalhos revenido duas vezes, antes de entrar em servi\u00e7o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Como a austenita retida \u00e9 tratada<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

O revenimento \u00e9 a resposta usual. \u00c0 medida que a temperatura de revenimento sobe na faixa de 120 a 260 °C (250 a 500 °F), parte da austenita retida se transforma em bainita, e essa transforma\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 acompanhada por uma expans\u00e3o de volume. Nos graus altamente ligados nem toda ela se transforma, de modo que alguma austenita permanece na estrutura ap\u00f3s um \u00fanico revenimento. Acima de aproximadamente 540 a 595 °C (1000 a 1100 °F), a cementita formada durante o revenimento se redissolve em carbonetos de liga, o que acrescenta uma expans\u00e3o adicional de volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esses dois efeitos s\u00e3o a raz\u00e3o pela qual os graus de alta liga s\u00e3o aqueles em que a sequ\u00eancia de revenimento \u00e9 planejada em vez de estimada. A estrutura da qual os quatro graus partem \u00e9 descrita grau por grau na p\u00e1gina de microestrutura de a\u00e7os ferramenta<\/a>, a forma como a austenita retida \u00e9 reduzida est\u00e1 descrita na p\u00e1gina de austenita retida<\/a>, e o movimento que a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o produz est\u00e1 reunido na p\u00e1gina de varia\u00e7\u00e3o de volume<\/a>. Onde a austenita precisa ser removida antes do revenimento em vez de durante ele, o tratamento \u00e9 descrito na p\u00e1gina de tratamento criog\u00eanico<\/a>. O grau de alta velocidade na tabela, A\u00e7o ferramenta M2<\/a>, \u00e9 aquele em que a austenita retida \u00e9 mais frequentemente citada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antes de usar esses valores<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Esta p\u00e1gina \u00e9 um resumo de refer\u00eancia de pr\u00e1tica publicada e n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma especifica\u00e7\u00e3o da Aobo Steel. As porcentagens volum\u00e9tricas s\u00e3o os valores publicados para os quatro graus citados, no tratamento de t\u00eampera indicado, e n\u00e3o ser\u00e3o reproduzidas exatamente por um forno, meio de t\u00eampera ou temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o diferentes. O tratamento que uma ferramenta recebe permanece de responsabilidade do respons\u00e1vel pelo tratamento t\u00e9rmico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fonte: ASM Handbook, Volume 4, Heat Treating, ASM International, 1991.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Microconstituents in Tool Steels After Hardening A hardened tool steel is not one structure. It is martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides together, and the share each one takes decides the hardness the part reaches, the toughness it keeps and how much it moves during the treatment. This page gives the measured volume percentages for 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in Tool Steels After Hardening A hardened tool steel is not one structure. It is martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides together, and the share each one takes decides the hardness the part reaches, the toughness it keeps and how much it moves during the treatment. This page gives the measured volume percentages for…","rttpg_featured_image_url":null,"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Evan","author_link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":null,"rttpg_excerpt":"Microconstituents in Tool Steels After Hardening A hardened tool steel is not one structure. It is martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides together, and the share each one takes decides the hardness the part reaches, the toughness it keeps and how much it moves during the treatment. This page gives the measured volume percentages for…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21272"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21272\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22708,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21272\/revisions\/22708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}