{"id":21174,"date":"2026-10-07T20:24:45","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T12:24:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=21174"},"modified":"2026-10-10T21:15:01","modified_gmt":"2026-10-10T13:15:01","slug":"decarburization-and-stock-removal-tool-steel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/decarburization-and-stock-removal-tool-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Descarboneta\u00e7\u00e3o e Remo\u00e7\u00e3o de Sobremetal Antes da T\u00eampera"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n\n:root{\n    --aobo-accent:#2563eb; --aobo-accent-dark:#1e1e2e; --aobo-blue:#0c56d0; --aobo-blue-dark:#073b91;\n    --aobo-text:#333; --aobo-muted:#888; --aobo-border:#e5e7eb; --aobo-border-dark:#ddd;\n    --aobo-stripe:#f7f7f9; --aobo-hover:#e8f0fe; --aobo-radius:8px; --aobo-radius-sm:6px;\n    --aobo-orange:#f59e0b; --aobo-fill:#e9ecef;\n  }\n  *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n  html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}\n  body{margin:0;background:#fff;color:var(--aobo-text);\n    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!important}.entry-content[class] h2{font-size: 25px !important}.entry-content[class] h3{font-size: 20px !important}.entry-content[class] h4{font-size: 17px !important}.entry-content[class] p,.entry-content[class] li{font-size: 16px !important}.entry-content[class] table th,.entry-content[class] table td{font-size: 14px !important;padding: 11px 12px !important}.entry-content[class] .aobo-hero{padding: 30px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta{padding: 26px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta .aobo-btn{width: 100%}}\n<\/style>\n<section class=\"aobo-ht-ref ts-props\">\n<div class=\"aobo-wrap\">\n\n<div class=\"ts-hero\">\n<div class=\"ts-hero-top\">\n<div class=\"ts-kicker\"><span><\/span>Tool Steel | Heat Treatment | Surface Condition<\/div>\n<h1 style=\"--h1-max:40px\">Decarburization and Stock Removal Before Hardening<\/h1>\n<p>The surface of a bar carries the record of every process that made it, and hardening turns that record into cracks, soft spots and lost dimensions. Two conditions in the outer layer decide the outcome. The first is the carbon content, which sets whether the surface can harden as completely as the core. The second is the oxide that forms below the scale, because it takes the alloying elements out of solution in exactly the layer that has to carry the contact stress. This page covers how deep each condition reaches, how much stock has to come off before hardening to clear it, the limits the gear standards set, and the outside processes that produce a surface defect the heat treater then gets blamed for.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ts-tool-area\">\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Why a decarburized skin cracks<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Decarburization is the loss of carbon atoms from the surface of a workpiece, so that the surface ends up with a lower carbon content than the material a short distance below it. The depth of decarburization is defined as the thickness of the layer whose structure differs significantly from that of the core. Complete decarburization leaves a fully ferritic layer that cannot harden at all, and in the zone of partial decarburization the carbon content rises gradually from the ferritic surface to the core. Both are read from the etched structure, not from a carbon analysis, which is why the depth is reported with the etch that produced it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The damage from a decarburized surface follows from two changes. Because the martensite start temperature falls as carbon content rises, the decarburized surface transforms at a higher temperature than the core, which leaves high residual tensile stress at that surface or an unbalanced stress state that shows up as distortion. And because the surface has lower hardenability than the core, the upper transformation products form there first and nucleate products in the core that were never wanted, so the same part ends up with a soft skin and more martensite below it than the drawing assumed. The threshold the source gives is a carbon content of about 0.6 percent. Above that figure the surface hardness should be acceptable, and at about 0.6 percent or below every main property is affected, with bending fatigue in the example reduced by 50 percent.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">How far the layer goes is set by temperature and time. Decarburization can occur at temperatures above 700 &deg;C, and it is typically most severe once the steel is heated above 910 &deg;C. The rule a shop can carry is that decarburization of up to 0.06 mm (0.0025 in.) per 1.6 mm (1\/16 in.) of diameter may be present in the bar as received, which for a 100 mm diameter bar works out to a layer of about 3.75 mm on the radius.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\" style=\"width:fit-content;max-width:100%\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:1120px;\">\n<thead><tr><th>Surface condition<\/th><th>How deep it goes<\/th><th>What it does to the part<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Decarburization<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Up to 0.06 mm (0.0025 in.) per 1.6 mm (1\/16 in.) of diameter<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Raises the Ms temperature at the surface, lowers hardenability there, and leaves tensile residual stress and uneven hardness<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Complete decarburization<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">A fully ferritic layer, whose thickness is the depth of decarburization<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The layer cannot harden at all, and it is measured from the structure rather than from the carbon<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Partial decarburization, specification limit<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">None apparent in the outer 0.13 mm (0.005 in.), except in unground roots<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The limit set by ANSI\/AGMA 2001-C95 for grades 2 and 3, with no limit for grade 1<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Surface hardness loss from decarburization<\/td><td>The outer 0.1 mm (0.004 in.)<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The reduction should not exceed 2 HRC on the test bar under ISO 6336-5.2 for MQ and ME grades<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Internal oxidation, first type<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Globular particles of about 0.5 &micro;m, from the surface to about 8 &micro;m, with surface grains of 0.5 to 1 &micro;m and some as large as 2 to 4 &micro;m<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Removes manganese, chromium and silicon from the layer and reduces hardness, bending fatigue, residual compression and wear resistance<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Internal oxidation, second type<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Typically 5 to 25 &micro;m, as a dark phase at prior austenite grain boundaries<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Gets deeper with both temperature and time, and a coarser surface grain size increases the amount<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Oxidized zone on carburized SAE 1015<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">About 0.020 mm after 8.8 h at 1000 &deg;C, about 0.012 mm at 850 &deg;C<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">The depth is a function of temperature and time, so it is set by the cycle rather than by the steel<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Tight scale from a direct fired gas furnace<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">A light scale of 0.08 mm (0.003 in.) or less, or a heavy scale of 0.13 mm (0.005 in.)<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">A light scale speeds the quench and a heavy one retards it, so the varying depth over the part gives soft spots, uncontrolled distortion and, on nickel bearing steels, cracking<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Surface seam or nonmetallic stringer<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">A seam 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) deep per 3.3 mm (0.13 in.) of diameter is usually accepted in cold finished bar<\/td><td class=\"ts-safe\">Acts as a stress raiser and stops the hot metal welding to itself during forging, so the stock has to be removed before hardening<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>The conditions at the surface of the steel, how deep each one reaches, and the effect it has on the heat treated part. Depth rules and specification limits as published in the article, grouped here by the surface condition they describe.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">How much stock to take before hardening<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Seams and nonmetallic stringers are the reason a hardening drawing needs a stock removal allowance that a machining drawing does not. A seam is a stress raiser at the surface, and a stringer of inclusions prevents the hot steel from welding to itself during forging, which leaves the same discontinuity in the finished part. Where either is present in hot rolled bar, the recommendation is to remove stock before heat treatment rather than to hope the quench survives it. The figures below are the source&#8217;s minimum removal per side, expressed as a percentage of the bar diameter so that they scale with the size being bought.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\" style=\"width:fit-content;max-width:100%\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:760px;\">\n<thead><tr><th>Bar condition<\/th><th>Nonresulfurized steel<\/th><th>Resulfurized steel<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Turned on centers<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3% of diameter<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.8% of diameter<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Centerless turned or ground<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2.6% of diameter<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.4% of diameter<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Minimum recommended material removal per side from hot rolled bar, to clear the surface seams and nonmetallic stringers that would otherwise act as stress raisers during heat treatment. Based on bar bought to a special straightness of 3.3 mm (0.13 in.) in 1.5 m (5 ft) maximum. Source, Table 7 of the article.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Two details in those numbers are worth noticing. The figure for resulfurized steel is higher than for the nonresulfurized grade at both conditions, because a steel made for machinability carries more seams and more segregation along them. And the condition of the bar matters as much as the steel, since centreless turning or grinding needs less removal than turning on centres, because the bar is straighter and more concentric to start with. For cold finished bar the source accepts a seam or nonmetallic depth of 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) per 3.3 mm (0.13 in.) of diameter, and where the seam depth is excessive the recommendation is a magnetic particle inspection before heat treatment rather than a larger allowance. Cutting the part from bar that was bought oversize is the cheapest of these measures and the one most often skipped.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">How deep that damage goes is set by the furnace, and the leakage rate of the vacuum furnace is one of the measurable inputs.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"ts-fig\"><img src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Decarburization-totten-fig-7-31-furnace-leakage-rate-vs-decarburization-v2.jpg\" alt=\"Decarburization depth of 41CrS4, 31CrMoV9, 15CrMoV59 and 40CrMoV51 against vacuum furnace leakage rate and against surface area\" width=\"1400\" height=\"996\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Fig. 7.31. Decarburization depth of 41CrS4, 31CrMoV9, 15CrMoV59 and 40CrMoV51 against the leakage rate of the vacuum furnace and against the surface area of the load. The higher the leakage rate, the deeper the layer that has to be removed; the same figure shows that a larger load surface at the same leakage rate gives the same result. Source: J. Grosch, Heat Treatment with Gaseous Atmospheres, in Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 7.31.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Internal oxidation, the layer an etch reveals<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Carburizing in an endothermic atmosphere at 900 to 950 &deg;C drives oxygen and sulfur inward, and they oxidize the alloying elements that have the greatest affinity for them, which are manganese, chromium and silicon. The result is internal oxidation, also called subscale. It reduces hardness, bending fatigue strength, surface compressive stress and wear resistance in the layer where it occurs, and it is essentially impossible to prevent while carburizing in an endothermic atmosphere. The silicon content of ordinary carburizing grades, about 0.25 percent, is far above the amount needed to produce it, and silicon also lowers the threshold concentrations of manganese and chromium that do the same. Nickel and molybdenum work the other way and reduce the sensitivity, and a higher carbon potential reduces the amount for the same carburizing time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">A related condition goes by the name of high temperature transformation products, or HTTP. These are nonmartensitic structures such as pearlite and bainite that form in the same zone where the internal oxidation sits, and they extend deeper than the oxidation does, most noticeably in leaner grades. They lower hardness, reduce surface compressive stress, reduce bending fatigue strength and reduce wear resistance, so a part can pass a case depth check and still be wrong in the outer tenth of a millimetre. The measures against them are a grade with enough alloy content to give martensite in the depleted layer, a late increase in carbon potential or a late addition of ammonia, a faster quench where the distortion allows it, and removal by grinding, grit blasting or shot peening.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\" style=\"width:fit-content;max-width:100%\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:940px;\">\n<thead><tr><th>Case depth, mm<\/th><th>Case depth, in.<\/th><th>Grade 2, mm<\/th><th>Grade 2, in.<\/th><th>Grade 3, mm<\/th><th>Grade 3, in.<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">&lt;0.75<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">&lt;0.030<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0178<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0007<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0127<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0005<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">0.75 to 1.50<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.030 to 0.059<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0254<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0010<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0203<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0008<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">1.50 to 2.25<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.059 to 0.089<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0381<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0015<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0203<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0008<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">2.25 to 3.00<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.089 to 0.118<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0508<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0020<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0254<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0010<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">&gt;3.00<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">&gt;0.118<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0610<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0024<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0305<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.0012<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Acceptable depth of internal oxidation against case depth, from ANSI\/AGMA 2001-C95 and the equivalent ISO 6336-5.2 grades ML, MQ and ME. Grade 1 has no specification value, and recovery by shot peening is acceptable with the agreement of the customer. Source, Table 13 of the article.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Removing the layer is not as simple as machining it away. The source lists electropolishing, electrochemical machining, honing, grinding, shot blasting and peening as ways of taking surface oxides off, and then warns that each has to be chosen with care because it can add tensile stress, risk decarburization during a later reheating step, or fail to hold the depth precisely. Where the layer can be left in place and the surface worked instead, peening is accepted as a recovery by the same standard that sets the depth limit, with the customer&#8217;s agreement.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The layer an etch reveals under the surface runs along the grain boundaries.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"ts-fig\"><img src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Decarburization-totten-fig-7-26-surface-intergranular-oxidation.jpg\" alt=\"Surface intergranular oxidation in the carburized case of 15CrNi6, light micrograph\" width=\"1379\" height=\"835\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Fig. 7.26. Surface intergranular oxidation in a carburized 15CrNi6 case, light micrograph. The dark network immediately under the surface is the oxide that formed along the grain boundaries during the high temperature part of the cycle; below it the case is unaffected. It is the layer that has to come off in the finishing cut rather than be hardened through. Source: J. Grosch, Heat Treatment with Gaseous Atmospheres, in Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 7.26.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Overheating, burning, and the defect the heat treater inherits<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Not every surface defect read on a hardened part was made during hardening. Burning is the incipient melting of low melting constituents into liquid films along the grain boundaries, which concentrates embrittling elements there and leaves voids behind as the films contract on cooling. It usually happens during rolling or forging, and it may not be discoverable until after heat treatment, which is how it ends up being read as a heat treat fault. Heating into the coarsening range produces a mixed grain size and an unpredictable hardening response, and an austenitizing temperature high enough to grow the grains leaves a structure that is crack sensitive even when the quench itself was correct.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The examination that separates the two is the crack profile. Where a crack that looks like quench cracking carries surface oxidation and decarburization inside it, the crack existed while the part was still hot in the furnace and did not form during the quench, because the inside of a quench crack never sees high temperature. A wet direct fired gas furnace atmosphere is a further source, since a load heated in it can absorb hydrogen and crack for reasons that would not apply in a dry atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The steel itself is the last item, and it is the one that leaves the mill with a certificate. A set of AISI 1070 bearing raceways quench cracked, and the metallography confirmed quench cracking, but the analysis of the steel showed chemistry that was not a plain 1070. The delivered material sat at or above the top of every range that mattered, so its hardenability was higher than the quench procedure had been written for, and the quench that suited a 1070 was too severe for what actually arrived.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\" style=\"width:fit-content;max-width:100%\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:880px;\">\n<thead><tr><th>Element<\/th><th>Specification range for AISI 1070, %<\/th><th>Content in the steel obtained, %<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Carbon<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.65 to 0.75<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.74<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Manganese<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.60 to 0.90<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.97<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Phosphorus<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.11<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.04<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Sulfur<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.026<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.05<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Silicon<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.10 to 0.20<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.23<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Nickel<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">not specified<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.07<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Chromium<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">not specified<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.11<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Molybdenum<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">not specified<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.22<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-type\">Copper<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">not specified<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.10<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>The steel delivered against the specification for an AISI 1070 that quench cracked as a bearing raceway. Carbon, manganese and molybdenum all sit at the top of the range or above it, so the hardenability of the delivered steel was higher than the quench procedure was written for. Source, Table 6 of the article.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">What this means on a tool steel order<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Four items decide whether a hardened tool starts life with a sound surface, and all four can be written into an order. The stock allowance, because the removal figures are percentages of diameter and the person buying the bar is the only one who can leave the material on the part. The decarburization and seam limit, expressed against a standard rather than as a general assurance. The atmosphere and the carbon potential of the cycle, because internal oxidation and the transformation products that follow it are set by the furnace rather than by the steel. And the chemistry actually delivered, checked against the hardenability the quench procedure was written for, since a steel inside its own specification can still be the wrong steel for the quench in the tank. The heat treatment defects a shop sees most often, with the cause and the correction for each, are collected in <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-heat-treatment-troubleshooting-chart\/\">the tool steel heat treatment troubleshooting chart<\/a>, the quenchant side of the same problem is on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-quenching-media-cooling-rates\/\">quenching media for tool steel<\/a>, and the crack that results is described in <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/quench-cracking-tool-steel\/\">quench cracking in tool steel<\/a>. How the layer is measured once it is there is covered in <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/steel-inclusion-and-grain-size-measurement\/\">inclusion and grain size measurement<\/a>, the defects that arrive from the mill are catalogued in <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/steel-bar-defects\/\">defects and discontinuities in wrought steel bar<\/a>, and the chemistry that decides the answer is set out in <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/how-steel-chemistry-is-tested\/\">how steel chemistry is tested<\/a> and in <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-composition-chart\/\">the tool steel composition chart<\/a>. Surface treatments that restore the layer rather than remove it are grouped in <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/steam-treatment-tool-life-improvement\/\">steam treatment for tool life<\/a>, the dimensional change that comes with all of this is on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-size-change-in-heat-treatment\/\">size change in heat treatment<\/a>, and the wider examination sequence is on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-and-die-failure-analysis\/\">tool and die failure analysis<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/fracture-surface-features-chart\/\">fracture surface features<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n<h3>Before you act on a surface defect<\/h3>\n<p>A reference page, it is not an Aobo Steel specification, and the depths above are the values published for the grades and the processes named. Decarburization and internal oxidation both depend on the temperature, the time, the atmosphere and the steel, so a depth measured on one heat is evidence about that heat and not a prediction for the next one. The removal percentages are minimum recommendations for hot rolled bar and do not replace the allowance your own process needs. Where a part has already cracked, a defect found on the fracture is not by itself proof that the defect caused the failure, and the examination sequence has to rule out the alternatives before the mill or the heat treater is charged with it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"ts-source\">Source: ASM Handbook, Volume 11, Failure Analysis and Prevention, ASM International, 2002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tool Steel | Heat Treatment | Surface Condition Decarburization and Stock Removal Before Hardening The surface of a bar carries the record of every process that made it, and hardening turns that record into cracks, soft spots and lost dimensions. Two conditions in the outer layer decide the outcome. The first is the carbon content, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21174","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.6 (Yoast SEO v28.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Decarburization and Stock Removal for Tool Steel | Depth Limits | Aobo Steel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How deep decarburization and internal oxidation reach, how much stock has to come off before hardening, the AGMA and ISO limits, and the furnace conditions that produce a defect people blame on the quench. 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