{"id":20890,"date":"2026-10-04T08:10:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T00:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=20890"},"modified":"2026-10-16T16:13:25","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T08:13:25","slug":"special-purpose-tool-steel-heat-treatment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/special-purpose-tool-steel-heat-treatment\/","title":{"rendered":"Tratamento t\u00e9rmico de a\u00e7os-ferramenta para fins especiais"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tratamento t\u00e9rmico de a\u00e7os-ferramenta para fins especiais<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Duas pequenas fam\u00edlias de a\u00e7os-ferramenta ficam fora dos grupos principais e cada uma \u00e9 feita para uma \u00fanica aplica\u00e7\u00e3o. Os graus de baixa liga para fins especiais do grupo L s\u00e3o a\u00e7os de baixo carbono com cromo, de composi\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3xima ao a\u00e7o para rolamentos 52100, e s\u00e3o usados onde a ferramenta precisa de resist\u00eancia ao desgaste e temperabilidade em vez de dureza a quente. Os graus de carbono-tungst\u00eanio do grupo F s\u00e3o a\u00e7os de t\u00eampera superficial, temperados em \u00e1gua, que endurecem at\u00e9 uma camada muito dura e aceitam polimento espelhado, que \u00e9 o que uma matriz de trefila\u00e7\u00e3o e um molde de moldagem precisam. Esta p\u00e1gina traz as tabelas de pr\u00e1tica consolidadas para ambas as fam\u00edlias a partir do artigo de origem e as curvas de resposta ao revenimento que as acompanham.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7os-ferramenta de baixa liga para fins especiais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Os a\u00e7os L s\u00e3o a metade f\u00e1cil da fam\u00edlia. Suas temperaturas de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o baixas o suficiente para que o pr\u00e9-aquecimento raramente seja usado, e a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de cromo e dos demais elementos de liga lhes confere mais resist\u00eancia ao desgaste e mais temperabilidade do que os graus comuns de t\u00eampera em \u00e1gua aos quais se assemelham. Os tipos L1, L3, L4 e L7 s\u00e3o pr\u00f3ximos ao a\u00e7o para rolamentos de produ\u00e7\u00e3o 52100 e s\u00e3o usados para trabalhos semelhantes. A Tabela 1 \u00e9 o resumo de origem do grupo, e a Fig. 1 mostra o que o revenimento faz com a dureza de cinco deles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7o<\/th>Temperatura de normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (a), °C<\/th>Temperatura de normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (a), °F<\/th>Recozimento<\/th>Endurecimento<\/th><\/tr>
Temperatura (b)<\/th>Taxa de resfriamento (c)<\/th>Dureza recozida, HB<\/th>Temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o (d)<\/th>Tempo de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, min<\/th>Meio de t\u00eampera<\/th>Dureza ap\u00f3s t\u00eampera, HRC (e)<\/th><\/tr>
\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th>°C\/h<\/th>°F\/h<\/th>\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
L1<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>775-800<\/td>1425-1475<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>179-207<\/td>790-845 \/ 1450-1550<\/td>10-30<\/td>O, W<\/td>64<\/td><\/tr>
L2<\/td>870-900<\/td>1600-1650<\/td>760-790<\/td>1400-1450<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>163-197<\/td>790-845 \/ 1450-1550<\/td>10-30<\/td>W<\/td>63<\/td><\/tr>
L3<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>174-201<\/td>845-925 \/ 1550-1700<\/td>10-30<\/td>O<\/td>63<\/td><\/tr>
L6<\/td>870<\/td>1600<\/td>760-790<\/td>1400-1450<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>183-212<\/td>790-845 \/ 1450-1550<\/td>10-30<\/td>O<\/td>62<\/td><\/tr>
L7<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>183-212<\/td>815-870 \/ 1500-1600<\/td>10-30<\/td>O<\/td>64<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fonte, Tabela 16 de Heat Treating of Specific Classes of Tool Steels. O, \u00f3leo; W, \u00e1gua. (a) O tempo de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, ap\u00f3s aquecimento uniforme em toda a se\u00e7\u00e3o, varia de cerca de 15 min para se\u00e7\u00f5es pequenas a cerca de 1 h para se\u00e7\u00f5es grandes, e a pe\u00e7a \u00e9 resfriada a partir da temperatura em ar parado. (b) Use o limite inferior para se\u00e7\u00f5es pequenas e o limite superior para se\u00e7\u00f5es grandes, mantendo cerca de 1 h para se\u00e7\u00f5es leves e pequenas cargas at\u00e9 cerca de 4 h para se\u00e7\u00f5es pesadas e grandes cargas, ou 1 h por polegada de se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal do pacote para recozimento em caixa. (c) Taxa m\u00e1xima, e a taxa n\u00e3o \u00e9 cr\u00edtica ap\u00f3s o resfriamento abaixo de 540 °C (1000 °F). (d) Esses a\u00e7os raramente s\u00e3o pr\u00e9-aquecidos. (e) Valores m\u00e9dios t\u00edpicos, sujeitos a varia\u00e7\u00e3o com a temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o e o meio de t\u00eampera utilizado. A fonte tamb\u00e9m lista duas op\u00e7\u00f5es adicionais de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o para L3, 775-815 °C (1425-1500 °F) com t\u00eampera em \u00e1gua at\u00e9 64 HRC e 815-870 °C (1500-1600 °F) com t\u00eampera em \u00f3leo at\u00e9 64 HRC.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Hardness
Fig. 1. Dureza de a\u00e7os-ferramenta de baixa liga para fins especiais ap\u00f3s revenimento por 2 h. Reproduzido da figura de origem. Cada painel \u00e9 um grau e os r\u00f3tulos nas curvas indicam a temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o e o meio de t\u00eampera, de modo que o painel do L1 traz tanto uma t\u00eampera em \u00e1gua a partir de 815 °C quanto uma t\u00eampera em \u00f3leo a partir de 855 °C.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7os-ferramenta de carbono-tungst\u00eanio para fins especiais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Os a\u00e7os F s\u00e3o de t\u00eampera superficial como grupo, e normalmente s\u00e3o temperados em \u00e1gua ou salmoura, sendo o F3 o de maior temperabilidade devido \u00e0 sua adi\u00e7\u00e3o de cromo. Devem ser normalizados ap\u00f3s forjamento ou ap\u00f3s qualquer opera\u00e7\u00e3o que os tenha levado acima de sua temperatura de t\u00eampera, e a pr\u00e1tica de normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o e recozimento segue a dos a\u00e7os L. O pr\u00e9-aquecimento a 650 °C (1200 °F) \u00e9 recomendado antes da austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o, e a austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o fica na faixa de 790 a 870 °C (1450 a 1600 °F), dependendo do grau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A t\u00eampera em \u00e1gua e em salmoura causa muita distor\u00e7\u00e3o nessas pe\u00e7as, e essa distor\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 aproveitada em uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o. Matrizes de trefila\u00e7\u00e3o a frio que se desgastaram acima da medida s\u00e3o retemperadas e temperadas por jato, o que significa direcionar um jato de \u00e1gua para o furo, de modo que o furo encolhe e a matriz pode voltar ao servi\u00e7o no mesmo tamanho de produto. Como as ferramentas feitas dos a\u00e7os F s\u00e3o usadas principalmente onde a resist\u00eancia ao desgaste \u00e9 o requisito, elas entram em servi\u00e7o na sua dureza m\u00e1xima ou pr\u00f3xima dela, e temperaturas de revenimento acima de 205 °C (400 °F) raramente s\u00e3o usadas. A Tabela 2 \u00e9 a tabela de pr\u00e1tica e a Fig. 2 \u00e9 a resposta ao revenimento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7o<\/th>Temperatura de normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (a), °C<\/th>Temperatura de normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (a), °F<\/th>Recozimento<\/th>Endurecimento<\/th><\/tr>
Temperatura (b)<\/th>Taxa de resfriamento (c)<\/th>Dureza recozida, HB<\/th>Pr\u00e9-aquecimento<\/th>Austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>Tempo de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, min<\/th>Meio de t\u00eampera<\/th>Dureza ap\u00f3s t\u00eampera, HRC (d)<\/th><\/tr>
\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th>°C\/h<\/th>°F\/h<\/th>\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th>\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
F1<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>760-800<\/td>1400-1475<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>183-207<\/td>650<\/td>1200<\/td>790-870<\/td>1450-1600<\/td>15<\/td>W, B<\/td>64<\/td><\/tr>
F2<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>207-235<\/td>650<\/td>1200<\/td>790-870<\/td>1450-1600<\/td>15<\/td>W, B<\/td>66<\/td><\/tr>
F3<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>212-248<\/td>650<\/td>1200<\/td>790-870<\/td>1450-1600<\/td>15<\/td>W, B, O<\/td>66<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fonte, Tabela 17 de Heat Treating of Specific Classes of Tool Steels. W, \u00e1gua; B, salmoura; O, \u00f3leo. (a) O tempo de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, ap\u00f3s aquecimento uniforme em toda a se\u00e7\u00e3o, varia de cerca de 15 min para se\u00e7\u00f5es pequenas a cerca de 1 h para se\u00e7\u00f5es grandes, e a pe\u00e7a \u00e9 resfriada a partir da temperatura em ar parado. (b) Use o limite inferior para se\u00e7\u00f5es pequenas e o limite superior para se\u00e7\u00f5es grandes, mantendo cerca de 1 h para se\u00e7\u00f5es leves e pequenas cargas at\u00e9 cerca de 4 h para se\u00e7\u00f5es pesadas e grandes cargas, ou 1 h por polegada de se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal do pacote para recozimento em caixa. (c) Taxa m\u00e1xima de resfriamento, e a taxa n\u00e3o \u00e9 cr\u00edtica ap\u00f3s o a\u00e7o ter resfriado abaixo de 540 °C (1000 °F). (d) Valores m\u00e9dios t\u00edpicos de dureza, sujeitos a varia\u00e7\u00e3o com a temperatura de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o e o meio de t\u00eampera utilizado.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tempering
Fig. 2. Caracter\u00edsticas de revenimento de a\u00e7os-ferramenta de carbono-tungst\u00eanio para fins especiais revenidos por 2 h ap\u00f3s t\u00eampera em salmoura. Reproduzido da figura de origem. As tr\u00eas curvas s\u00e3o F1 austenitizado a 815 °C, F2 a 845 °C e F3 a 870 °C, todos temperados em salmoura, e a diferen\u00e7a entre elas mostra quanto da dureza \u00e9 decidido antes mesmo de o revenimento come\u00e7ar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Por que essas duas fam\u00edlias existem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nenhuma das fam\u00edlias \u00e9 um a\u00e7o-ferramenta de uso geral e nenhuma \u00e9 substituta de um D2 ou de um M2. Os a\u00e7os L s\u00e3o escolhidos quando a oficina quer um a\u00e7o tenaz, temper\u00e1vel e de baixo custo, que suporte um desgaste moderado e seja f\u00e1cil de tratar termicamente, raz\u00e3o pela qual a ind\u00fastria de rolamentos usa a mesma composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica em volume. Os a\u00e7os F s\u00e3o escolhidos quando o desgaste \u00e9 abrasivo e a carga \u00e9 leve, e onde uma superf\u00edcie dura e polida importa mais do que a tenacidade na aresta. Em ambos os casos, todo o prop\u00f3sito do grau se perde se a t\u00eampera for escolhida por conveni\u00eancia, de modo que o meio indicado na tabela \u00e9 um requisito e n\u00e3o uma sugest\u00e3o, e os graus L3 e F1 em particular mostram o quanto a dureza varia quando o mesmo a\u00e7o \u00e9 temperado de duas maneiras diferentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fonte: ASM Handbook, Volume 4, Heat Treating, ASM International, 1991.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Special Purpose Tool Steel Heat Treatment Two small tool steel families sit outside the main groups and both are made for one job each. The low-alloy special-purpose grades of the L group are low-carbon, chromium-bearing steels close in composition to the bearing steel 52100, and they are used where a tool needs wear resistance and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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