{"id":20863,"date":"2026-10-04T03:44:39","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T19:44:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=20863"},"modified":"2026-10-16T01:22:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T17:22:00","slug":"low-alloy-steel-tempering-kinetics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/low-alloy-steel-tempering-kinetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Cin\u00e9tica de revenimento de a\u00e7o de baixa liga"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cin\u00e9tica de revenimento de a\u00e7o de baixa liga<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quando um a\u00e7o de baixa liga temperado \u00e9 revenido, duas rea\u00e7\u00f5es ocorrem em sequ\u00eancia e se sobrep\u00f5em parcialmente. Um dilat\u00f4metro registra ambas como varia\u00e7\u00f5es no comprimento do corpo de prova, e a curva pode ser separada nas duas rea\u00e7\u00f5es e ajustada ao formalismo de Avrami, de modo que cada uma recebe seu pr\u00f3prio expoente, constante de velocidade e energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o. Esta p\u00e1gina re\u00fane esses par\u00e2metros para dois a\u00e7os, um a\u00e7o de baixa liga com 0,32% de carbono revenido isotermicamente a 350 &#176;C, e o AISI 1050 revenido a taxas de aquecimento constantes de 5 a 30 K por minuto. Para um a\u00e7o ferramenta, onde a resposta ao revenimento de um grau espec\u00edfico \u00e9 o que importa, as curvas pr\u00e1ticas est\u00e3o em <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/tool-steel-tempering-chart\/\">Tabela de revenimento de a\u00e7o para ferramentas<\/a>; esta p\u00e1gina \u00e9 a cin\u00e9tica de rea\u00e7\u00e3o por tr\u00e1s dessas curvas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Os dois processos que uma curva de dilatometria mostra<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O a\u00e7o usado para o trabalho isot\u00e9rmico cont\u00e9m 0,32% C, 1,12% Mn, 0,67% Si, 0,07% Ni, 0,02% P e 0,05% S, sendo o restante ferro. Corpos de prova de 9 mm de di\u00e2metro e 100 mm de comprimento foram austenitizados a 900 &#176;C por 30 minutos, temperados em \u00e1gua \u00e0 temperatura ambiente e ent\u00e3o mantidos a 350 &#176;C em um dilat\u00f4metro com resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de comprimento de 10<sup>-3<\/sup> mm. Sua temperatura de in\u00edcio de martensita \u00e9 cerca de 365 &#176;C, ent\u00e3o a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o a 350 &#176;C fica logo abaixo de Ms e toda a sequ\u00eancia de revenimento ocorre em uma \u00fanica etapa isot\u00e9rmica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tempering-Kinetics-fig-5-isothermal-dilatometry.png\" alt=\"Isothermal dilatometry curve for a low alloy steel tempered at 350 degrees C showing the two tempering processes\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 5. Registro de dilatometria isot\u00e9rmica para o a\u00e7o de baixa liga com 0,32% de carbono mantido a 350 &#176;C. A curva come\u00e7a no in\u00edcio da manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, t0, e mostra o primeiro processo (I) terminando em t end 1, ap\u00f3s o qual o segundo processo (II) continua. Reproduzido da figura fonte.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Duas contra\u00e7\u00f5es aparecem no comprimento do corpo de prova. A primeira \u00e9 a mais r\u00e1pida das duas e termina em t end 1, a segunda assume depois dela e segue at\u00e9 o final do registro. Cada uma foi ajustada separadamente, usando apenas um intervalo de trabalho bem distante do in\u00edcio e do fim da rea\u00e7\u00e3o, e os par\u00e2metros ajustados est\u00e3o reunidos abaixo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Par\u00e2metro, primeiro processo<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Valor<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Melhor intervalo na fra\u00e7\u00e3o transformada experimental<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0,5050 a 0,7625<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Intervalo de trabalho na fra\u00e7\u00e3o do primeiro processo ap\u00f3s a itera\u00e7\u00e3o final<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0,5310 a 0,7750<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">N, inclina\u00e7\u00e3o do ajuste linear<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.58<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Coeficiente de correla\u00e7\u00e3o R para N<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.993<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">n1, expoente de Avrami<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.49<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Coeficiente de correla\u00e7\u00e3o R para n1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.992<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">k1, constante de velocidade (s<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.2 x 10<sup>-4<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fonte, Tabela 10.b do cap\u00edtulo de origem. Par\u00e2metros cin\u00e9ticos para o primeiro processo no revenimento do a\u00e7o de baixa liga com 0,32% de carbono, ajustados pelo m\u00e9todo que a fonte chama de KTOPT.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Par\u00e2metro, segundo processo<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Valor<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Melhor intervalo na fra\u00e7\u00e3o transformada experimental<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">2,864 a 3,963<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Intervalo normalizado na fra\u00e7\u00e3o transformada<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0,4506 a 0,6544<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Intervalo de trabalho na fra\u00e7\u00e3o do segundo processo ap\u00f3s a itera\u00e7\u00e3o final<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0,5975 a 0,8010<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">N, inclina\u00e7\u00e3o do ajuste linear<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">-0.669<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Coeficiente de correla\u00e7\u00e3o R para N<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.998<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">n2, expoente de Avrami<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.669<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Coeficiente de correla\u00e7\u00e3o R para n2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.998<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">k2, constante de velocidade (s<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">4,4 x 10<sup>-5<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fonte, Tabela 10.a do cap\u00edtulo de origem. Par\u00e2metros cin\u00e9ticos para o segundo processo no mesmo a\u00e7o e na mesma manuten\u00e7\u00e3o a 350 &#176;C.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As constantes de velocidade diferem por um fator de cerca de tr\u00eas, k1 em 1,2 x 10<sup>-4<\/sup> por segundo e k2 em 4,4 x 10<sup>-5<\/sup> por segundo, o que \u00e9 a declara\u00e7\u00e3o quantitativa de que o primeiro processo \u00e9 o mais r\u00e1pido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qual rea\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 cada processo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os expoentes de Avrami identificam os mecanismos, porque o valor de n \u00e9 fixado por como uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o nucleia e cresce. Um expoente de 1,5 corresponde a crescimento controlado por difus\u00e3o a partir de um n\u00famero fixo de n\u00facleos, isto \u00e9, crescimento com taxa de nuclea\u00e7\u00e3o zero, e esse \u00e9 o valor retornado para o primeiro processo. O primeiro est\u00e1gio do revenimento \u00e9 a decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o da martensita em um carboneto de transi\u00e7\u00e3o e uma martensita menos distorcida tetragonalmente, e o expoente \u00e9 consistente com essa rea\u00e7\u00e3o quando ela ocorre em um corpo de prova que j\u00e1 estava parcialmente transformado durante a t\u00eampera. O estudo observa que o carboneto de transi\u00e7\u00e3o pode em parte ter se formado antes do in\u00edcio da manuten\u00e7\u00e3o a 350 &#176;C, j\u00e1 que Ms \u00e9 cerca de 365 &#176;C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um expoente de cerca de 0,67 corresponde a precipita\u00e7\u00e3o em discord\u00e2ncias com crescimento controlado por difus\u00e3o, para o qual o valor da literatura \u00e9 0,66. O segundo processo \u00e9 o desaparecimento do carboneto de transi\u00e7\u00e3o e a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de cementita est\u00e1vel, e a cementita \u00e9 relatada como nucleando em discord\u00e2ncias e em contornos de ripas e de gr\u00e3os, que \u00e9 exatamente o mecanismo que esse expoente descreve. Aplicando a incerteza na fra\u00e7\u00e3o transformada medida aos expoentes, obt\u00e9m-se n1 de 1,5 com limites de cerca de 0,2, e n2 de 0,67 com limites de cerca de 0,02.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Revenimento n\u00e3o isot\u00e9rmico do AISI 1050<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A segunda metade do trabalho usa um a\u00e7o diferente e um hist\u00f3rico t\u00e9rmico diferente. O a\u00e7o \u00e9 o AISI 1050, com 0,48 a 0,55% C, 0,6 a 0,9% Mn, 0,04% P e 0,05% S, e foi aquecido da temperatura ambiente a 600 &#176;C a taxas constantes de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 30 K por minuto em um dilat\u00f4metro com resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de 10<sup>-4<\/sup>. Plotar a taxa de varia\u00e7\u00e3o do comprimento relativo contra a temperatura separa as duas rea\u00e7\u00f5es em duas bandas, e quanto maior a taxa de aquecimento, mais ambas as bandas se deslocam para a direita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tempering-Kinetics-fig-8-derivative-vs-temperature.png\" alt=\"Derivative of the relative length change against temperature at heating rates of 5 to 30 K per minute\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 8. Taxa de varia\u00e7\u00e3o do comprimento relativo em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da temperatura para o AISI 1050 nas cinco taxas de aquecimento. As duas faixas s\u00e3o os dois processos de revenimento. Reproduzido da figura de origem.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A temperatura do ponto de inflex\u00e3o de cada faixa, em cada taxa de aquecimento, \u00e9 a entrada bruta para o restante do c\u00e1lculo. Utiliza-se um ponto de inflex\u00e3o em vez de um pico porque a an\u00e1lise exige o ponto em que a segunda derivada do ajuste \u00e9 zero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#946; (K\/min)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ti (K), Processo I<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ti (K), Processo II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">411.6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">584.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">418.9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">593.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">15<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">424.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">599.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">20<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">428.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">603.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">30<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">432.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">608.8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fonte, Tabela 11 do cap\u00edtulo de origem. Temperaturas correspondentes aos pontos de inflex\u00e3o em diferentes taxas de aquecimento, para os dois processos no revenimento do AISI 1050.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O deslocamento \u00e9 modesto em termos absolutos, mas consistente em dire\u00e7\u00e3o. Aumentar a taxa de aquecimento de 5 para 30 K por minuto desloca o primeiro processo de 411,6 para 432,4 K, um deslocamento de cerca de 21 K, e o segundo de 584,3 para 608,8 K, um deslocamento de cerca de 25 K. Esse deslocamento \u00e9 a base de todo m\u00e9todo do tipo Kissinger, porque uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o com maior energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o se desloca mais para a mesma varia\u00e7\u00e3o na taxa de aquecimento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o e fator de frequ\u00eancia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00e3o relatadas duas vias para a energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o. Um gr\u00e1fico do tipo Kissinger utiliza apenas as temperaturas nas quais uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o fixa \u00e9 transformada e fornece a energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o efetiva sem qualquer suposi\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o modelo de rea\u00e7\u00e3o. Uma segunda via, de regress\u00e3o n\u00e3o linear, ajusta simultaneamente a energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o e o fator de frequ\u00eancia. Os resultados s\u00e3o apresentados abaixo, e as duas vias concordam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Processo<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o E (kJ\/mol)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Fator de frequ\u00eancia K0 (min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Intervalo de confian\u00e7a para E<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Coeficiente de regress\u00e3o R<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Valor P para E<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">I<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">117<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">2,99 x 10<sup>14<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">104 a 130 (linear)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.998<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">4,8 x 10<sup>-10<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">II<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">206<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">9,53 x 10<sup>17<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">196 a 216 (linear)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.999<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">9,0 x 10<sup>-14<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fonte, Tabela 12 do cap\u00edtulo de origem. Melhores par\u00e2metros E e K0 calculados por regress\u00e3o linear e n\u00e3o linear para os dois processos no revenimento do AISI 1050. A fonte tamb\u00e9m apresenta intervalos de confian\u00e7a n\u00e3o lineares estreitos, 116,5 a 117,4 kJ\/mol para o primeiro processo e 205,6 a 206,4 kJ\/mol para o segundo, e fornece o valor P como a probabilidade de que outro modelo se ajuste melhor aos mesmos dados.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O primeiro processo requer 117 kJ\/mol e o segundo 206 kJ\/mol. O segundo valor situa-se na faixa normalmente citada para a difus\u00e3o do carbono na ferrita e para o engrossamento da cementita, o que \u00e9 consistente com o mecanismo atribu\u00eddo a ele acima. Os fatores de frequ\u00eancia abrangem tr\u00eas ordens de magnitude entre os dois processos, e os dois valores s\u00e3o impressos aqui conforme a fonte os apresenta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O expoente de Avrami em cada taxa de aquecimento<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os mesmos registros n\u00e3o isot\u00e9rmicos tamb\u00e9m fornecem o expoente de Avrami, mas os autores o obt\u00eam de uma equa\u00e7\u00e3o transcendental em vez da regress\u00e3o usada acima, porque consideram a via de regress\u00e3o demasiado sens\u00edvel \u00e0s aproxima\u00e7\u00f5es subjacentes. Os expoentes e suas incertezas s\u00e3o dados por taxa de aquecimento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Primeiro processo de revenimento<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><\/tr><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#946; (K\/min)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ti (K)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">n<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#948;n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">411.6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">418.9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">15<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">424.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">20<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">428.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">30<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">432.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Segundo processo de revenimento<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/th><\/tr><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#946; (K\/min)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ti (K)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">n<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#948;n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">584.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.7<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">593.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.7<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">15<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">599.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.7<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">20<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">603.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.7<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">30<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">608.8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.7<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">0.1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fonte, Tabela 13 do cap\u00edtulo de origem. O expoente de Avrami para os dois processos no revenimento do AISI 1050 em cada taxa de aquecimento, com a incerteza calculada a partir da incerteza na temperatura e na energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o. Os dois quadros s\u00e3o a divis\u00e3o da pr\u00f3pria fonte de uma tabela, primeiro processo acima e segundo processo abaixo.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O primeiro processo dispersa-se entre 1,0 e 1,2 com uma incerteza declarada de 0,2 em cada linha, de modo que os valores n\u00e3o s\u00e3o distingu\u00edveis entre si, e a m\u00e9dia fica pr\u00f3xima do 1,5 obtido isotermicamente quando a incerteza \u00e9 levada em conta. O segundo processo \u00e9 constante em 0,7 com margem de 0,1 em cada taxa de aquecimento, que \u00e9 o mesmo expoente retornado pelo ajuste isot\u00e9rmico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o e fator de frequ\u00eancia em cada taxa de aquecimento<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fixar o expoente permite calcular o fator de frequ\u00eancia para cada taxa de aquecimento separadamente, e as energias de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o resultantes podem ser comparadas com o valor \u00fanico do gr\u00e1fico do tipo Kissinger acima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#946; (K\/min)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ti (K)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">n0<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">K0 (min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">E (kJ\/mol)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#948;E (kJ\/mol)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">411.6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5,4 x 10<sup>14<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">119<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">418.9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">6,87 x 10<sup>13<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">112<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">15<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">424.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">3,3 x 10<sup>14<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">117<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">20<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">428.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">2,0 x 10<sup>15<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">124<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">30<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">432.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1,1 x 10<sup>14<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">113<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fonte, Tabela 14 do cap\u00edtulo de origem. Energias de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o e fatores de frequ\u00eancia para o primeiro processo no revenimento do AISI 1050, calculados para cada taxa de aquecimento a partir da temperatura do ponto de inflex\u00e3o com o expoente n0 fixado em 1,0.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#946; (K\/min)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ti (K)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">n0<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">K0 x 10<sup>17<\/sup> (min<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">E (kJ\/mol)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">&#948;E (kJ\/mol)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">584.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">196<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">11<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">593.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">196<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">15<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">599.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">196<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">20<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">603.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">197<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">30<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">608.8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1.3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">196<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">10<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fonte, Tabela 15 do cap\u00edtulo de origem. Energias de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o e fatores de frequ\u00eancia para o segundo processo no revenimento do AISI 1050, com o expoente n0 fixado em 1,4. A coluna do fator de frequ\u00eancia \u00e9 apresentada pela fonte em unidades de 10<sup>17<\/sup> por minuto, enquanto a energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 dada por mol.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O segundo processo \u00e9 o mais reprodut\u00edvel dos dois. Sua energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 de 196 a 197 kJ\/mol em todas as taxas de aquecimento, dentro do limite de erro de cerca de 10 kJ\/mol, e o fator de frequ\u00eancia varia menos de um fator de 1,4 em uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o de seis vezes na taxa de aquecimento. O primeiro processo dispersa mais, de 112 a 124 kJ\/mol, que \u00e9 o que se esperaria de um expoente que n\u00e3o \u00e9 determinado melhor que mais ou menos 0,2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tempering-Kinetics-fig-6-relative-length-change.png\" alt=\"Schematic of the relative length change against temperature with the start, intermediate and end stages marked\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 6. Defini\u00e7\u00e3o da fra\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o transformada a partir de uma curva de dilatometria n\u00e3o isot\u00e9rmica. A varia\u00e7\u00e3o relativa de comprimento medida a uma temperatura T \u00e9 lida em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos incrementos no in\u00edcio e no fim da rea\u00e7\u00e3o, de modo que a fra\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o transformada \u00e9 a raz\u00e3o entre as duas dist\u00e2ncias. Reproduzido da figura da fonte.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tempering-Kinetics-fig-9-fraction-untransformed.png\" alt=\"Fraction untransformed against temperature for the two tempering processes at 5 K per minute\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 9. Fra\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o transformada em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da temperatura para os dois processos na taxa de aquecimento de 5 K por minuto. Os pontos s\u00e3o experimentais e as curvas s\u00e3o calculadas a partir da energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o, do fator de frequ\u00eancia e do expoente ajustados. Reproduzido da figura da fonte.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calcular a fra\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o transformada em toda a faixa de temperatura, usando os valores ajustados, e plot\u00e1-la contra os pontos experimentais \u00e9 a verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de todo o conjunto. As duas curvas da Fig. 9 acompanham os pontos atrav\u00e9s de ambas as bandas. O estudo observa que outros protocolos de nuclea\u00e7\u00e3o e crescimento, que produzem um valor diferente de n0, geram desvios vis\u00edveis entre as curvas calculadas e experimentais na faixa de temperatura em que as rea\u00e7\u00f5es realmente se desenvolvem, de modo que o ajuste \u00e9 sens\u00edvel a essa escolha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O que os n\u00fameros significam em um forno de revenimento<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00eas pontos pr\u00e1ticos decorrem dos par\u00e2metros acima. As duas rea\u00e7\u00f5es de revenimento est\u00e3o separadas em temperatura por aproximadamente 170 K nessas taxas de aquecimento, raz\u00e3o pela qual uma \u00fanica perman\u00eancia a uma temperatura abaixo de cerca de 400 &#176;C realiza apenas a primeira rea\u00e7\u00e3o, e pela qual a segunda necessita de uma temperatura mais alta ou de uma longa perman\u00eancia. A energia de ativa\u00e7\u00e3o aparente da segunda rea\u00e7\u00e3o, pr\u00f3xima de 200 kJ\/mol, \u00e9 alta o suficiente para que sua taxa mude acentuadamente com a temperatura, de modo que uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o de 20 K no set point de revenimento a desloca muito mais do que desloca a primeira rea\u00e7\u00e3o. Essa \u00e9 a raz\u00e3o quantitativa pela qual um forno que est\u00e1 20 K fora de seu set point ainda produz uma ferramenta utiliz\u00e1vel quando o revenimento \u00e9 a baixa temperatura, e produz uma grande dispers\u00e3o de dureza quando o revenimento \u00e9 conduzido para formar cementita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O segundo ponto diz respeito \u00e0 pr\u00f3pria medi\u00e7\u00e3o. Todos os n\u00fameros desta p\u00e1gina foram extra\u00eddos da varia\u00e7\u00e3o de comprimento de um corpo de prova, e a resolu\u00e7\u00e3o dessa medi\u00e7\u00e3o define o ru\u00eddo na fra\u00e7\u00e3o transformada, que por sua vez define a incerteza no expoente. As incertezas impressas nas Tabelas 13 a 15 s\u00e3o calculadas a partir de uma resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de comprimento de 10<sup>-4<\/sup> e uma incerteza de temperatura de 0,1 K, de modo que um laborat\u00f3rio que l\u00ea um dilat\u00f4metro com resolu\u00e7\u00e3o pior retornaria limites mais amplos para o mesmo a\u00e7o, e n\u00e3o um mecanismo diferente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O terceiro ponto \u00e9 sobre o que os par\u00e2metros cin\u00e9ticos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o. Eles descrevem duas rea\u00e7\u00f5es em um a\u00e7o de baixa liga e no AISI 1050, n\u00e3o o endurecimento secund\u00e1rio que um a\u00e7o-ferramenta contendo molibd\u00eanio ou van\u00e1dio desenvolve em temperaturas de revenimento mais altas, que \u00e9 uma terceira rea\u00e7\u00e3o com sua pr\u00f3pria cin\u00e9tica e sua pr\u00f3pria faixa de temperatura. Para um a\u00e7o-ferramenta, a resposta ao revenimento que importa \u00e9 o pico de endurecimento secund\u00e1rio, e a dureza que um determinado grau atinge a uma determinada temperatura \u00e9 plotada no <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/tool-steel-tempering-chart\/\">Tabela de revenimento de a\u00e7o para ferramentas<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fonte: Alloy Steel, Properties and Use, InTech, 2011.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Low Alloy Steel Tempering Kinetics When a quenched low alloy steel is tempered, two reactions run through it in sequence and partly overlap. A dilatometer records both of them as changes in the length of the specimen, and the curve can be separated into the two reactions and fitted to the Avrami formalism so that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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Alloy Steel Tempering Kinetics When a quenched low alloy steel is tempered, two reactions run through it in sequence and partly overlap. 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