{"id":18517,"date":"2026-09-16T06:21:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T22:21:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=18517"},"modified":"2026-09-18T17:44:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T09:44:48","slug":"plastic-mold-steel-polishing-and-texturing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/plastic-mold-steel-polishing-and-texturing\/","title":{"rendered":"Plastic Mold Steel Polishing and Texturing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n:root{\n    --aobo-accent:#2563eb; --aobo-accent-dark:#1e1e2e; --aobo-blue:#0c56d0; --aobo-blue-dark:#073b91;\n    --aobo-text:#333; --aobo-muted:#888; --aobo-border:#e5e7eb; --aobo-border-dark:#ddd;\n    --aobo-stripe:#f7f7f9; --aobo-hover:#e8f0fe; --aobo-radius:8px; --aobo-radius-sm:6px;\n    --aobo-orange:#f59e0b; --aobo-fill:#e9ecef;\n  }\n  *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n  html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}\n  body{margin:0;background:#fff;color:var(--aobo-text);\n    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!important;font-weight: 700 !important;letter-spacing: 0 !important;text-transform: none !important}@media (max-width: 760px){.entry-content[class] h1{font-size: clamp(22px,6.4vw,min(34px,var(--h1-max,34px))) !important}.entry-content[class] h2{font-size: 25px !important}.entry-content[class] h3{font-size: 20px !important}.entry-content[class] h4{font-size: 17px !important}.entry-content[class] p,.entry-content[class] li{font-size: 16px !important}.entry-content[class] table th,.entry-content[class] table td{font-size: 14px !important;padding: 11px 12px !important}.entry-content[class] .aobo-hero{padding: 30px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta{padding: 26px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta .aobo-btn{width: 100%}}\n<\/style>\n<section class=\"aobo-ht-ref ts-props\">\n  <div class=\"aobo-wrap\">\n    <div class=\"ts-hero\">\n      <div class=\"ts-hero-top\">\n        <div class=\"ts-kicker\"><span><\/span>Mold Steel Data<\/div>\n        <h1 style=\"--h1-max:45px\">Plastic Mold Steel Polishing and Texturing<\/h1>\n        <p>A plastic part reproduces the mold surface down to the smallest detail, so the finish on the cavity decides the finish on the product. This page collects what governs polishability and etch response in plastic mold steels, the defects that show up on the bench, and the way hardness, cleanliness and block size line up against the mold shop operations.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ts-tool-area\">\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Where the money in a mold sits\n          <span>The steel is the small part of the bill and the operations around it are the large part, which is why a small difference in the block changes a large difference in the cost.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:820px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Cost item<\/th><th>Share<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">What is inside it<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Machining<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">70%<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Rough and finish milling, drilling, EDM. The largest single item in a mold.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Engineering<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">10%<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Design and programming.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Tool steel<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">10%<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">The block itself, quoted at 10 to 20 percent of the total mold cost in the source text.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Heat treatment<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">5%<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Hardening, tempering, stress relief, nitriding where specified.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Surface finishing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">5%<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Polishing and texturing, the step that decides how the part looks.<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-tcap\">Source: Tool Steels, Properties and Performance (R. A. Mesquita, CRC Press), Figure 6.3a, drawn there from industrial data for injection mold manufacturing. The steel is quoted at 10 to 20 percent of the total mold cost in the text.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n          <h3>The working consequence<\/h3>\n          <p>Because machining is around 70 percent of the cost, a steel that machines well and arrives with a uniform hardness saves more than a cheaper block ever can. The source puts it as an iceberg, with the visible steel price on top and the manufacturing cost underneath. A block with an uneven hardness or a heavy inclusion load costs extra at every later step, and it can lose the surface finish the part was ordered for.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Polishability against hardness and supply condition\n          <span>The polishability curve rises steeply with hardness up to the 40 HRC region and then flattens. The bands below follow the supply condition of the common mold steels.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:900px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Hardness band<\/th><th>Typical grades and condition<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">What to expect<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr class=\"ts-group\"><td colspan=\"3\">Prehardened condition<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">28&ndash;32 HRC<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">P20, 1.2311, 1.2312, 1.2738<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">The standard mold plates. Polishability rises steeply in this band and settles within the polishable range, which covers most visible parts that do not need a mirror.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">38&ndash;42 HRC<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">1.2711 and similar 40 HRC grades<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Supplied prehardened, with a higher hardness and a better polished appearance than the 32 HRC family. Long drilling and welding both get harder at this level.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ts-group\"><td colspan=\"3\">Hardened after machining<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">50&ndash;60 HRC<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">ESR H13, 420 stainless, D2, PM grades<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">High polishable. The source places the steepest part of the polishability curve below 40 HRC, so the gain from 32 to 60 HRC is real but smaller than the gain from 25 to 35.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ts-group\"><td colspan=\"3\">Surface treated<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Above 800 HV<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">Nitrided, carburized, Cr coated, N coated<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">The highest band of the source chart, above the range of any plain tool steel. A coating changes the polishing route rather than the steel.<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-tcap\">Source: Tool Steels, Properties and Performance (R. A. Mesquita, CRC Press), Figure 6.9a and the discussion in Section 6.3.1.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n          <h3>Polishing is abrasion, and time is not neutral<\/h3>\n          <p>Polishing removes material by scratching it with a fine abrasive, and a harder surface holds the abrasive higher, so the scratches stay shallower and the surface reads as a mirror. That is the whole reason hardness helps.<\/p>\n          <p>It works only up to a point in time. In the source curves, a P20 at 32 HRC reaches its best roughness after roughly five minutes of polishing at constant pressure and then gets steadily rougher as the polishing continues, while an A2 at 60 HRC keeps improving for around twelve minutes before it turns. The roughening is the orange peel effect above, and the harder steel buys both a better floor and more working time before it arrives.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">The three defects that appear on the bench\n          <span>Each one has a separate cause and a separate fix, so the first step is naming the defect correctly.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:980px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Defect<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">Mechanism<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">What to change<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Pin-holes<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Nonmetallic inclusions are torn out of the surface during polishing and leave small pits. Undissolved carbides behave the same way, which is why plastic mold steels are designed without them.<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Buy cleaner steel. Remelting by ESR or VAR is the route to a low inclusion level, and pin-holes are the defect it removes.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Orange peel, also called over-polishing<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Repeated polishing strain hardens the surface layer, and after a point the roughness rises with every further pass instead of falling.<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Regrind to remove the damaged layer, then polish again at a controlled pressure. Higher steel hardness delays the onset, and machining, grinding or EDM damage on the surface brings it forward.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Uneven gloss, etch lines<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Microstructure differences polish at different rates. Decarburization, banding and macrosegregation all show up as a texture in the surface.<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Keep the surface work close to the final geometry careful, and expect a large block from a large ingot to carry more segregation than a small one.<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-tcap\">Sources: Tool Steels, Properties and Performance (R. A. Mesquita, CRC Press), Sections 6.3.1 and 6.3.2, and the polishing data behind Figure 6.9b.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Machining and polishing pull in opposite directions\n          <span>The metallurgical features that polish well are close to the ones that machine badly. Hardness is the obvious example. Inclusions split into two families, and only one of them is bad for both.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:980px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Material<\/th><th>Sulfur level<\/th><th>Machining<\/th><th>Polishing<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">Where it goes<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">1.2738, regular P20<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Low S<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">Moderate<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">Good<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">The default for visible parts and general mold work.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">1.2312, high sulfur P20<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">About 0.07&ndash;0.1% S<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">High, the point of the grade<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">Poor to moderate<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Back areas and male parts that will not be polished or seen. The soft manganese sulfide inclusions break chips in machining and cause pin-point defects in polishing.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">ESR refined P20 and H13<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">Low S<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">Moderate<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">High<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Where a demanding finish is specified, up to optical work for the H13.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">VAR refined precipitation hardening steel<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">High S possible<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">High<\/td><td class=\"ts-type\">Good<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">The combination the source highlights at 40 HRC, with the cost of the vacuum route to match.<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n          <h3>Reading the trade<\/h3>\n          <p>Hard oxide inclusions and undissolved carbides raise tool wear in machining and leave pits in polishing, so both operations want them gone. Soft manganese sulfide inclusions do the opposite. They lubricate and break the chip in machining and they are the reason a P20 with added sulfur cuts so freely, while in polishing the same inclusions become pin-point defects and the surface reaches the orange peel threshold sooner. The high sulfur grades are therefore aimed at mold areas that carry the most machining and the least polishing, such as the back of a bumper tool.<\/p>\n          <p>The machining side of the same trade, with ratings for the tool steels across the families, is collected in the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-machinability-rating-chart\/\">machinability rating chart<\/a>.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Texturing is controlled corrosion\n          <span>A texture is etched into the cavity through a protective film, and anything that changes how the steel corrodes changes the pattern. The source groups the causes into three, and most arguments about a bad texture land on the wrong one.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:980px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Variable group<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">What it covers<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">The control<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">Surface condition before etching<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Grinding, sanding, machining and EDM quality on the cavity. EDM affected metal that is not removed shows as white spots after etching, and scratches that were invisible before the acid can etch as lines.<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Slow, controlled cutting and finishing as the cavity approaches its final geometry.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">The etching process<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Acid type, concentration, pH, iron content of the bath, temperature, bath homogeneity and flow all change the pattern and the surface roughness inside the texture.<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Control the bath as a process, not as an art. The same steel etches differently in two baths.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">The steel itself<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Grade, hardness and microstructure. A welded area etches lighter than the base metal, and segregation etches as visible bands.<\/td><td class=\"ts-long ds-text\">Temper again after welding to even out the structure, and adjust the etching conditions to the grade and its heat treatment.<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-tcap\">Source: Tool Steels, Properties and Performance (R. A. Mesquita, CRC Press), Section 6.3.3 and the defect examples in Figure 6.12.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n          <h3>Why welding and segregation show up here<\/h3>\n          <p>A welded repair is a different microstructure sitting in the middle of the cavity. It usually holds more alloy in solution and corrodes more slowly, so it etches lighter than the surrounding steel and the texture goes patchy across the repair. Tempering again after the weld evens out the hardness and the response. Segregation is slower to fix, because a large block from a large ingot will always carry some of it, and the practical answer is to tune the etching so the bands are not highlighted rather than to demand steel without any.<\/p>\n          <p>The remelting routes that push cleanliness and segregation in the right direction, including the pressure ESR and VAR variants that tool steel mills run for mold work, are described on the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/esr-tool-steel\/\">ESR tool steel page<\/a>.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Block size changes the surface\n          <span>Shops cut small cavities from large master blocks for convenience, and the surface finish is where that decision shows. The core of a big block cools more slowly than a small bar, and a lean P20 chemistry cannot hold its hardness through the core of a thick section.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n          <h3>The two numbers worth remembering<\/h3>\n          <p>Grade 1.2311 covers plates up to roughly 400 mm and gives the same result as 1.2738 in that range. Above 500 mm the nickel in 1.2738 is what keeps the core hardness up and the hardening response even, which is why it is the grade quoted for large blocks. Below the surface, a large mold runs around 4 HRC softer than the 1 inch tempering curve for the same steel, provided the core cools to bainite rather than to pearlite.<\/p>\n          <p>A core that drops in hardness polishes and etches differently from the surface, so the finish suffers exactly where the cavity is deepest. The comparison of <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/p20ni-steel\/\">P20+Ni (1.2738)<\/a> against plain <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/p20-tool-steel\/\">P20 (1.2311)<\/a> is really a comparison of how thick a block each one holds its hardness in.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ts-card\">\n            <h2>The grades, by surface requirement<\/h2>\n            <p>Ordinary visible parts run on modified P20 at 32 HRC. Higher gloss and longer life move the mold to a 40 HRC prehardened grade such as 1.2711, and optical work moves it to an ESR refined <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/h13-tool-steel\/\">H13<\/a> above 50 HRC, or to a stainless grade for corrosive plastics. The full set, with the prehardened conditions, is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/plastic-mold-steels\/\">plastic mold steels catalog<\/a>.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ts-card\">\n            <h2>Stainless mold steels have their own rule<\/h2>\n            <p>For PVC and other corrosive polymers the mold goes to a 12 percent chromium stainless, usually a modified 420 such as 1.2083, or to 1.2316 where more corrosion resistance is needed. One rule travels with these grades. A <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/420-stainless-steel\/\">420 type<\/a> steel should be tempered at the low end, near 250\u00b0C, because tempering around 500\u00b0C precipitates chromium carbide and takes chromium out of solution, which is exactly the element the corrosion resistance depends on.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ts-card\">\n            <h2>Abrasive plastics change the grade again<\/h2>\n            <p>Glass and fiber filled compounds abrade the cavity, and the answer is a higher matrix hardness or a carbide carrying grade, which normally means paying in polishability. A <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/blog\/pm-vs-conventional-tool-steel\/\">powder metallurgy steel<\/a> is the exception, because its carbides are fine enough to wear well while keeping the surface polishable. The hard phases themselves and their hardness ranking are set out in the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-carbide-types-and-hardness\/\">carbide types and hardness<\/a> reference.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ts-card\">\n            <h2>Nitriding is the usual surface answer<\/h2>\n            <p>Where a mold needs more wear resistance than its bulk hardness gives, nitriding adds a case of over 1000 HV without touching the core or the size of the block. The depth it should be held to, and the layer that has to stay thin on crack sensitive work, are covered in the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-nitriding-guide\/\">tool steel nitriding guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n          <h3>Confirm before quoting<\/h3>\n          <p>Hardness, sulfur content and polishability are for general reference only. Actual behavior varies by grade, mill, heat number and heat treatment. Confirm against the material test certificate (MTC) or contact Aobo Steel.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-rel\">\n          <h3>Related reference pages<\/h3>\n          <p><a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/stainless-steels\/\">Stainless steels<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/cold-work-tool-steels\/\">Cold work tool steels<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/blog\/plastic-injection-mold-steel-selection\/\">Plastic mold steel selection guide<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/blog\/tool-steel-surface-treatment\/\">Tool steel surface treatment<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-equivalent-grades\/\">Tool steel equivalent grades<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-supply\/\">Tool steel supply<\/a><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-source\">Sources: Tool Steels, Properties and Performance (R. A. Mesquita, CRC Press, 2017), Chapter 6 with Figures 6.3, 6.5, 6.9, 6.10 and 6.12. Reference data for comparison only. Confirm the grade, the delivery condition and the finishing route with your mold shop and the mill data sheet before production. Aobo Steel supplies mold steel in the prehardened or annealed condition.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mold Steel Data Plastic Mold Steel Polishing and Texturing A plastic part reproduces the mold surface down to the smallest detail, so the finish on the cavity decides the finish on the product. 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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