{"id":12849,"date":"2026-02-04T22:11:29","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T14:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=12849"},"modified":"2026-10-21T10:55:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T02:55:33","slug":"quench-cracking-tool-steel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/quench-cracking-tool-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Trincas por t\u00eampera em a\u00e7os ferramenta: causas, preven\u00e7\u00e3o e solu\u00e7\u00f5es"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 id=\"h-quench-cracking-in-tool-steel-mechanisms-identification-and-prevention\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\">Trincas por t\u00eampera em a\u00e7os-ferramenta: mecanismos, identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e preven\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-quench-cracking\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">O que \u00e9 trincamento por t\u00eampera?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fissura\u00e7\u00e3o por t\u00eampera \u00e9 uma falha que ocorre durante ou logo ap\u00f3s o processo de t\u00eampera. As fissuras geralmente se iniciam na superf\u00edcie e se propagam para o interior ao longo de trajet\u00f3rias longitudinais ou radiais. Uma vez formadas, as pe\u00e7as n\u00e3o podem ser recuperadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-why-quench-cracking-occurs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por que ocorre a fissura\u00e7\u00e3o por t\u00eampera?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fissura\u00e7\u00e3o por t\u00eampera ocorre quando <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/h13-quenching-cooling-rates\/\">interna <\/a>as tens\u00f5es geradas durante o resfriamento e a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o excedem a resist\u00eancia \u00e0 tra\u00e7\u00e3o da estrutura endurecida. A fratura resultante \u00e9 interpretada da mesma forma que qualquer outra, e as marcas que datam uma trinca de t\u00eampera s\u00e3o mostradas na <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/fracture-surface-features-chart\/\">gr\u00e1fico de caracter\u00edsticas da superf\u00edcie de fratura<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Durante a t\u00eampera, a superf\u00edcie resfria e se contrai primeiro, enquanto o n\u00facleo permanece quente, criando um gradiente de temperatura que introduz tens\u00e3o mec\u00e2nica em toda a se\u00e7\u00e3o. Ao mesmo tempo, a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de austenita em martensita produz expans\u00e3o volum\u00e9trica. Como a superf\u00edcie se transforma primeiro, ela se expande enquanto o n\u00facleo permanece d\u00factil e pode acomodar a deforma\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 medida que o resfriamento continua, o n\u00facleo atinge a temperatura de transforma\u00e7\u00e3o e come\u00e7a a se expandir. Nesse est\u00e1gio, a superf\u00edcie j\u00e1 se transformou em martensita r\u00edgida e n\u00e3o pode mais se deformar plasticamente. O n\u00facleo em expans\u00e3o imp\u00f5e tens\u00e3o de tra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 superf\u00edcie. Quando essa tens\u00e3o excede a resist\u00eancia local do material, as trincas se iniciam na superf\u00edcie e se propagam para o interior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Como a trinca ent\u00e3o se propaga depende da severidade da t\u00eampera, e o padr\u00e3o muda sistematicamente com ela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-10-26-quench-cracking-pattern-vs-quench-severity.jpg\" alt=\"Quench cracking pattern in 60SC7 steel cylinders 4 to 35 mm diameter quenched in water, showing the crack pattern with decreasing cooling rates and increasing quench severity\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 10.26. Padr\u00e3o de trincamento por t\u00eampera em cilindros de a\u00e7o 60SC7 de 4 a 35 mm de di\u00e2metro temperados em \u00e1gua, tra\u00e7ado em fun\u00e7\u00e3o de uma velocidade de resfriamento decrescente e de uma severidade de t\u00eampera crescente. O padr\u00e3o vai de uma \u00fanica trinca circunferencial na extremidade temperada da se\u00e7\u00e3o menor e mais severamente temperada, passando por trincas longitudinais, at\u00e9 uma se\u00e7\u00e3o que se parte de outra forma ou n\u00e3o trinca de modo algum \u00e0 medida que o di\u00e2metro cresce. O estudo de Beck \u00e9 a fonte do diagrama, creditado no cap\u00edtulo; o 60SC7 \u00e9 um a\u00e7o para molas e n\u00e3o um a\u00e7o ferramenta, e o padr\u00e3o \u00e9 o mesmo observado em cilindros de a\u00e7o ferramenta. Fonte: M. Narazaki e G.E. Totten, Distortion of Heat-Treated Components, in Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 10.26.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/tool-steel-hardening-tempering-chart\/\">\u2192 Aprenda como funciona o processo de t\u00eampera no tratamento t\u00e9rmico de a\u00e7os para ferramentas.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qual efeito prevalece depende da se\u00e7\u00e3o e do grau, e h\u00e1 tr\u00eas resultados padr\u00e3o. Os pain\u00e9is abaixo s\u00e3o os tr\u00eas padr\u00f5es de tens\u00e3o residual que um cilindro endurecido pode apresentar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-6-42-hardening-residual-stress-types.jpg\" alt=\"The three basic types of hardening residual stress distribution, shrinking type, transition type and transformation type, with the cylinder diameters at which each occurs\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 6.42. Os tr\u00eas tipos b\u00e1sicos de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o residual de endurecimento em um cilindro: tipo por contra\u00e7\u00e3o, tipo de transi\u00e7\u00e3o e tipo por transforma\u00e7\u00e3o, com o padr\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o ao longo da se\u00e7\u00e3o desenhado para cada um. Qual deles aparece \u00e9 decidido por quanto a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o fica atr\u00e1s da contra\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica, de modo que um grau de t\u00eampera total em uma se\u00e7\u00e3o pesada recai no tipo por transforma\u00e7\u00e3o, com tra\u00e7\u00e3o na superf\u00edcie \u2014 o estado a partir do qual uma trinca se inicia. A pequena tabela fornece os di\u00e2metros de cilindro em que cada tipo ocorre no a\u00e7o 0,45% C Ck45 sob t\u00eampera em \u00e1gua e em \u00f3leo. Fonte: B. Li\u0161\u010di\u0107, Steel Heat Treatment, in Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 6.42.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-factors-influencing-cracking-risk\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fatores que influenciam o risco de fissuras<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O risco de trincamento depende de como a tens\u00e3o \u00e9 gerada e concentrada durante a t\u00eampera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A composi\u00e7\u00e3o do material afeta diretamente o comportamento de transforma\u00e7\u00e3o. Um teor de carbono mais alto aumenta a expans\u00e3o volum\u00e9trica e reduz as temperaturas de transforma\u00e7\u00e3o, diminuindo a relaxa\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00f5es e aumentando a suscetibilidade ao trincamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A geometria controla a extra\u00e7\u00e3o de calor e <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/residual-stress-measurement-tooling\/\">a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00f5es<\/a>. Cantos vivos, chaveteros e grandes diferen\u00e7as de espessura de se\u00e7\u00e3o criam resfriamento n\u00e3o uniforme, que concentra tens\u00f5es em locais espec\u00edficos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A condi\u00e7\u00e3o da superf\u00edcie define onde as trincas se iniciam. Essa superf\u00edcie \u00e9 um elo em uma cadeia mais longa de causas, e a cadeia completa, do projeto ao uso em servi\u00e7o, \u00e9 abordada na <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/tool-and-die-failure-analysis\/\">P\u00e1gina de an\u00e1lise de falhas de ferramentas e matrizes<\/a>. Marcas de usinagem, defeitos de estampagem e descontinuidades metal\u00fargicas atuam como concentradores de tens\u00e3o. <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/decarburization-and-stock-removal-tool-steel\/\">descarboneta\u00e7\u00e3o superficial<\/a> altera ainda mais o momento da transforma\u00e7\u00e3o entre a superf\u00edcie e o n\u00facleo, aumentando a incompatibilidade durante o resfriamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pr\u00e1tica de austenitiza\u00e7\u00e3o afeta a resist\u00eancia estrutural. Temperatura excessiva engrosse os gr\u00e3os, reduzindo a resist\u00eancia \u00e0 fratura intergranular durante a t\u00eampera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os dois n\u00fameros de material que mais influenciam o risco s\u00e3o a temperatura de in\u00edcio de martensita e o carbono equivalente, e a rela\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 linear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-10-16-ms-carbon-equivalent-quench-cracking.jpg\" alt=\"Quench cracking of selected steels against the martensite start temperature and against carbon equivalent, with nickel-chromium-molybdenum and carbon-manganese steels marked\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 10.16. Fra\u00e7\u00e3o de trincas de t\u00eampera em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da temperatura de in\u00edcio de martensita no painel superior e em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do carbono equivalente no painel inferior, para um conjunto de a\u00e7os, com a\u00e7os n\u00edquel-cromo-molibd\u00eanio, a\u00e7os carbono-mangan\u00eas e graus que n\u00e3o se tornaram totalmente martens\u00edticos marcados separadamente. As trincas atingem o pico em uma faixa de M<sub>s<\/sub> em vez de no valor mais baixo, porque a trinca precisa que a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o ocorra tarde o suficiente para acumular tens\u00e3o e que o n\u00facleo permane\u00e7a resistente o suficiente para transmiti-la, e os graus totalmente martens\u00edticos trincam menos. A figura \u00e9 creditada na fonte ao ASM Handbook, Volume 4. Fonte: M. Narazaki e G.E. Totten, Distortion of Heat-Treated Components, in Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 10.16.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-identification-in-practice\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o na pr\u00e1tica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As fissuras de t\u00eampera s\u00e3o identificadas por sua origem, morfologia e caracter\u00edsticas metal\u00fargicas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As trincas geralmente se iniciam na superf\u00edcie e seguem os contornos de gr\u00e3o da austenita pr\u00e9via, resultando em uma trajet\u00f3ria de fratura intergranular. Se o revenido ocorrer ap\u00f3s a trinca, a oxida\u00e7\u00e3o no interior da trinca produz cores ou escamas caracter\u00edsticas do revenido, indicando que a trinca se formou antes do revenido. Em contraste, trincas formadas ap\u00f3s o tratamento t\u00e9rmico n\u00e3o apresentam oxida\u00e7\u00e3o interna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A microestrutura ao redor n\u00e3o mostra descarboneta\u00e7\u00e3o porque o trincamento ocorre ap\u00f3s o est\u00e1gio de alta temperatura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-prevention-and-mitigation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e Mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A preven\u00e7\u00e3o concentra-se na redu\u00e7\u00e3o da concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de estresse e na sincroniza\u00e7\u00e3o da transforma\u00e7\u00e3o ao longo de toda a se\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Projete a geometria para evitar transi\u00e7\u00f5es bruscas e grandes diferen\u00e7as de espessura, a fim de promover resfriamento uniforme. A prepara\u00e7\u00e3o da superf\u00edcie deve eliminar defeitos de usinagem e evitar a descarboneta\u00e7\u00e3o durante o aquecimento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selecione m\u00e9todos de t\u00eampera para controlar a taxa de resfriamento e reduzir os gradientes de temperatura. Processos como a mart\u00eampera equalizam a temperatura antes da transforma\u00e7\u00e3o, reduzindo significativamente a tens\u00e3o interna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Realize o revenimento <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/quench-to-temper-delay-tool-steel\/\">imediatamente ap\u00f3s a t\u00eampera<\/a>, enquanto o componente ainda est\u00e1 quente, <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/xrd-residual-stress-measurement-tool-steel\/\">para aliviar tens\u00f5es residuais e prevenir trincas retardadas<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-material-selection-and-hardenability\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sele\u00e7\u00e3o de Materiais e Temperabilidade<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sele\u00e7\u00e3o do material controla o n\u00edvel de tens\u00e3o desenvolvido durante o resfriamento r\u00e1pido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u00e7os de baixa temperabilidade <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/quenching-chart-water-oil-air-hardening\/\">requerem resfriamento r\u00e1pido para atingir a dureza total<\/a>, o que produz gradientes t\u00e9rmicos acentuados e alta tens\u00e3o interna. Esses a\u00e7os s\u00e3o adequados apenas para geometrias simples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pr\u00f3pria taxa de resfriamento tem uma faixa perigosa, e ela \u00e9 mensur\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-9-47-crack-formation-probability-vs-cooling-rate.jpg\" alt=\"Probability of crack formation against the cooling rate inside the martensite formation range, for a 6 mm diameter 41Cr4 steel cylinder\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 9.47. Probabilidade de forma\u00e7\u00e3o de trinca em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da taxa de resfriamento dentro da faixa de forma\u00e7\u00e3o de martensita, para um cilindro de a\u00e7o 41Cr4 com 6 mm de di\u00e2metro. A probabilidade \u00e9 baixa na extremidade lenta, sobe at\u00e9 um pico de cerca de 100 % perto de 350 K\/s e volta a cair \u00e0 medida que a taxa de resfriamento continua aumentando, porque uma taxa r\u00e1pida o suficiente para transformar a superf\u00edcie e o n\u00facleo quase simultaneamente elimina novamente a incompatibilidade. \u00c9 por isso que uma t\u00eampera \u00e9 especificada como um meio e um tamanho de se\u00e7\u00e3o em conjunto: o risco est\u00e1 em uma faixa de taxas de resfriamento, n\u00e3o em um \u00fanico valor. O 41Cr4 \u00e9 um grau de cromo de baixa liga, n\u00e3o um a\u00e7o ferramenta, e a faixa \u00e9 a mesma pela qual passam os graus de a\u00e7o ferramenta. Fonte: H.M. Tensi, A. Stich e G.E. Totten, Quenching and Quenching Technology, in Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 9.47.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u00e7os-ferramenta de alta temperabilidade se transformam em taxas de resfriamento mais lentas, permitindo t\u00eampera ao ar ou suave. Isso reduz os gradientes de temperatura e a tens\u00e3o interna, tornando-os mais adequados a formas complexas e se\u00e7\u00f5es grandes. A se\u00e7\u00e3o que cada grau endurecer\u00e1 em uma dada t\u00eampera \u00e9 mostrada na <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/tool-steel-hardenability-chart\/\">Tabela de temperabilidade do a\u00e7o ferramenta<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quench Cracking in Tool Steel: Mechanisms, Identification, and Prevention What is Quench Cracking? Quench cracking is a failure that occurs during or shortly after quenching. Cracks typically initiate at the surface and propagate inward along longitudinal or radial paths. Once formed, the component cannot be recovered. Why Quench Cracking Occurs Quench cracking occurs when internal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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Cracking in Tool Steel: Mechanisms, Identification, and Prevention What is Quench Cracking? 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