{"id":12333,"date":"2026-01-21T15:19:04","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T07:19:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=12333"},"modified":"2026-10-25T21:53:39","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T13:53:39","slug":"selection-of-tool-steels-for-cold-forming-extrusion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/selection-of-tool-steels-for-cold-forming-extrusion\/","title":{"rendered":"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7os-ferramenta para conforma\u00e7\u00e3o a frio e extrus\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sele\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7os-ferramenta para conforma\u00e7\u00e3o a frio e extrus\u00e3o<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Matrizes de conforma\u00e7\u00e3o a frio e extrus\u00e3o suportam tens\u00f5es tribol\u00f3gicas e mec\u00e2nicas extremas. O processo realiza o deslocamento do metal por meio de fluxo pl\u00e1stico sob press\u00f5es transit\u00f3rias n\u00e3o uniformes, com press\u00f5es internas da matriz tipicamente superiores a 1895 MPa (275 ksi) e press\u00f5es do pun\u00e7\u00e3o atingindo at\u00e9 2370 MPa (344 ksi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nessas condi\u00e7\u00f5es de opera\u00e7\u00e3o, os principais modos de falha incluem desgaste abrasivo, fratura, recalcamento ou deforma\u00e7\u00e3o e fadiga de alto ciclo. Para suportar altas press\u00f5es unit\u00e1rias e evitar o travamento entre a pe\u00e7a e a ferramenta, os a\u00e7os para ferramentas de trabalho a frio excedem as classes padr\u00e3o \u2014 como DC53<\/a> e A\u00e7o r\u00e1pido M2<\/a>\u2014devem ser selecionados. Essas classes apresentam alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 compress\u00e3o e \u00e0 fadiga, resistindo eficazmente \u00e0 deforma\u00e7\u00e3o permanente e retardando o in\u00edcio de trincas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Explore nossas solu\u00e7\u00f5es em a\u00e7o para matrizes de conforma\u00e7\u00e3o e extrus\u00e3o.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n

Matrizes e pun\u00e7\u00f5es de extrus\u00e3o a frio<\/h3>\n\n\n

Tanto nos processos de extrus\u00e3o direta quanto reversa, o pun\u00e7\u00e3o atua como elemento estrutural, sujeito a altas tens\u00f5es. O pun\u00e7\u00e3o deve possuir alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 compress\u00e3o para evitar flambagem ou deforma\u00e7\u00e3o; pun\u00e7\u00f5es fabricados em a\u00e7o r\u00e1pido M2 podem suportar tens\u00f5es de compress\u00e3o de 2200 a 2500 MPa. Os insertos da matriz suportam tens\u00f5es radiais e circunferenciais durante a opera\u00e7\u00e3o e requerem alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 fadiga. Normalmente, os insertos s\u00e3o pr\u00e9-tensionados utilizando um anel de contra\u00e7\u00e3o para suprimir trincas causadas por ciclos de press\u00e3o interna.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
Read the Cold Extrusion Dies and Punches guide<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n

Moldes de forjamento a frio<\/h3>\n\n\n

Durante os processos de conforma\u00e7\u00e3o a frio para recalcamento de fios ou barras, as matrizes s\u00e3o submetidas a cargas de impacto. Os principais modos de falha incluem a falha por fadiga da parede interna ou o surgimento de trincas devido \u00e0 tenacidade insuficiente. A dureza superficial da matriz deve exceder 60 HRC para resistir a riscos, enquanto o n\u00facleo requer alta tenacidade ao impacto para inibir a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o de trincas. Para atingir esse objetivo, devem ser selecionados a\u00e7os resistentes ao impacto ou a\u00e7os r\u00e1pidos de alta tenacidade, que apresentam desempenho superior em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os a\u00e7os convencionais de alto carbono e alto cromo.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
Read the Cold Heading Dies guide<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n

Matrizes de lamina\u00e7\u00e3o de roscas<\/h3>\n\n\n

A falha da matriz de lamina\u00e7\u00e3o de roscas se manifesta como descama\u00e7\u00e3o e lascamento devido \u00e0 fadiga na crista da rosca. O a\u00e7o deve possuir resist\u00eancia a tens\u00f5es de cisalhamento subsuperficiais para suprimir o in\u00edcio e a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o de trincas. Para o processamento de ligas endurecidas por trabalho a frio ou fixadores de alta resist\u00eancia, a matriz deve ser suficientemente dura para exceder 64 HRC e altamente r\u00edgida para manter as toler\u00e2ncias do perfil da rosca e evitar lascamento da borda.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
Read the Thread Rolling Dies guide<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Estrat\u00e9gia de sele\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Os materiais para ferramentas de conforma\u00e7\u00e3o a frio de alta resist\u00eancia s\u00e3o normalmente selecionados entre a\u00e7o r\u00e1pido M2 (HSS) e a\u00e7os para ferramentas de trabalho a frio de alto desempenho, como o DC53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M2 (HSS): Quando as cargas de compress\u00e3o excedem a resist\u00eancia ao escoamento de D2<\/a>, Selecione M2 para pun\u00e7\u00f5es e matrizes. Este a\u00e7o oferece alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 compress\u00e3o, tornando-o adequado para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es que exigem press\u00e3o da ferramenta superior a 2100 MPa. Al\u00e9m disso, o M2 apresenta dureza a quente, neutralizando os efeitos do aquecimento adiab\u00e1tico nas ferramentas durante a extrus\u00e3o r\u00e1pida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DC53 (8% Cr): Para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es onde o D2 falha devido a lascamento ou fissuras, selecione o DC53 (8% Cr modificado). Seus carbonetos finamente distribu\u00eddos proporcionam tenacidade superior ao D2, mantendo a dureza entre 62 e 64 HRC, aumentando a resist\u00eancia ao desgaste adesivo e \u00e0 forma\u00e7\u00e3o de riscos em superf\u00edcies de contato com metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tratamento t\u00e9rmico e resist\u00eancia \u00e0 compress\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The properties of tool steel are determined by heat treatment. To prevent plastic deformation, the tool steel\u2019s hardness must ensure that its yield strength exceeds the applied process stress. High-speed steel and DC53 require high-temperature tempering to promote the complete transformation of retained austenite. If transformation is incomplete, retained austenite may undergo strain-induced phase transformation under cyclic stress, converting to untempered martensite. This leads to dimensional instability and tool embrittlement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabela de compara\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Grau de a\u00e7o<\/th>Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 compress\u00e3o<\/th>Tenacidade<\/th>Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 fadiga<\/th>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpica<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
M2 (SKH51)<\/td>Muito alto (>2200 MPa)<\/td>Moderado\/Bom<\/td>Excelente (Alto limite de elasticidade)<\/td>Pun\u00e7\u00f5es de extrus\u00e3o para servi\u00e7o pesado, matrizes de lamina\u00e7\u00e3o de roscas,<\/td><\/tr>
DC53<\/td>Alto (Superior ao D2)<\/td>Alto (Carbetos mais finos que D2)<\/td>Alta resist\u00eancia (resistente a microlascas)<\/td>Matrizes de forjamento a frio, Estampagem de alta carga, Matrizes de corte<\/td><\/tr>
D2 (1,2379)<\/td>Moderado\/Alto (at\u00e9 2000 MPa)<\/td>Baixo (Propenso a lascar)<\/td>Moderado (limitado por carbonetos grosseiros)<\/td>Matrizes de conforma\u00e7\u00e3o e corte de uso geral<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Perguntas frequentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n

Quais s\u00e3o as causas de falha de ferramentas na conforma\u00e7\u00e3o a frio?<\/h3>\n\n\n

Os principais modos de falha incluem desgaste abrasivo, fratura, recalcamento e falha por fadiga de alto ciclo devido a press\u00f5es transit\u00f3rias n\u00e3o uniformes. Matrizes de lamina\u00e7\u00e3o de roscas tamb\u00e9m podem apresentar descama\u00e7\u00e3o e lascamento na crista da rosca.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n\n

Qual o melhor a\u00e7o ferramenta para extrus\u00e3o de alta press\u00e3o?<\/h3>\n\n\n

O a\u00e7o r\u00e1pido M2 \u00e9 adequado para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es com press\u00f5es de ferramentas superiores a 2100 MPa. Oferece alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 compress\u00e3o e apresenta dureza a quente para neutralizar os efeitos do aquecimento adiab\u00e1tico durante a extrus\u00e3o r\u00e1pida.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n\n

Quando devo usar a\u00e7o DC53 em vez de a\u00e7o D2?<\/h3>\n\n\n

Selecione DC53 quando o D2 falhar devido a lascamento ou fissuras. O DC53 apresenta carbonetos finamente distribu\u00eddos que proporcionam tenacidade superior em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com o D2, mantendo uma dureza de 62\u201364 HRC.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n\n

Qual a dureza necess\u00e1ria para matrizes de conforma\u00e7\u00e3o a frio?<\/h3>\n\n\n

A dureza superficial deve ser superior a 60 HRC para resistir a riscos. Al\u00e9m disso, o n\u00facleo requer alta resist\u00eancia ao impacto para inibir a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o de trincas causadas por tens\u00f5es de impacto durante o recalque de fios ou barras.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n\n

Como evitar falhas em matrizes de lamina\u00e7\u00e3o de roscas?<\/h3>\n\n\n

O a\u00e7o da matriz deve resistir \u00e0s tens\u00f5es de cisalhamento subsuperficiais para suprimir o in\u00edcio de trincas. Para ligas endurecidas por trabalho a frio, assegure-se de que a dureza da matriz exceda 64 HRC para manter as toler\u00e2ncias do perfil da rosca e evitar lascamento da borda.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n\n

Por que os a\u00e7os M2 e DC53 requerem t\u00eampera em alta temperatura?<\/h3>\n\n\n

O revenido em alta temperatura promove a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o completa da austenita retida. Se incompleta, a austenita retida pode se converter em martensita n\u00e3o revenida sob tens\u00e3o, levando \u00e0 instabilidade dimensional e fragiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da ferramenta.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n\n

Como evitar rachaduras em insertos de matrizes de extrus\u00e3o a frio?<\/h3>\n\n\n

Os insertos de matriz s\u00e3o normalmente pr\u00e9-tensionados usando um anel de contra\u00e7\u00e3o para suprimir fissuras causadas por ciclos de press\u00e3o interna. Os insertos requerem alta resist\u00eancia \u00e0 fadiga para suportar as tens\u00f5es radiais e circunferenciais geradas durante a opera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
Enviar consulta agora<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Selection of Tool Steels for Cold Forming & Extrusion Cold forming and extrusion dies endure extreme tribological and mechanical stresses. The process achieves metal displacement through plastic flow under non-uniform transient pressures, with die internal pressures typically exceeding 1895 MPa (275 ksi) and punch pressures reaching up to 2370 MPa (344 ksi). Under these operating […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12333","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nSelection of Tool Steels for Cold Forming & Extrusion - AoboSteel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Boost tool life in high-pressure cold forming (>2100 MPa). Compare M2, DC53, and D2 tool steels to prevent die fatigue and chipping. Expert technical guides and factory-direct supply from Aobo Steel.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/selection-of-tool-steels-for-cold-forming-extrusion\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Selection of Tool Steels for Cold Forming & Extrusion\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Boost tool life in high-pressure cold forming (>2100 MPa). Compare M2, DC53, and D2 tool steels to prevent die fatigue and chipping. 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The process achieves metal displacement through plastic flow under non-uniform transient pressures, with die internal pressures typically exceeding 1895 MPa (275 ksi) and punch pressures reaching up to 2370 MPa (344 ksi). Under these operating…","rttpg_featured_image_url":null,"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Evan","author_link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/pt\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":null,"rttpg_excerpt":"Selection of Tool Steels for Cold Forming & Extrusion Cold forming and extrusion dies endure extreme tribological and mechanical stresses. The process achieves metal displacement through plastic flow under non-uniform transient pressures, with die internal pressures typically exceeding 1895 MPa (275 ksi) and punch pressures reaching up to 2370 MPa (344 ksi). 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