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class=\"ts-hero-top\">\n<div class=\"ts-kicker\"><span><\/span>Tool Steel | Hardenability | Section Size<\/div>\n<h1 style=\"--h1-max:44px\">Tool Steel Hardenability and Section Size<\/h1>\n<p>Hardenability decides how thick a section of a given tool steel actually hardens, and it is the first number a shop needs before it orders bar stock. A grade that hardens to 65 HRC at the surface of a 100 mm block may still be soft in the middle of it, and only the hardenability data says which. This page collects the four ASM charts for tool steels: the end-quench bands for the oil hardening grades, the as-quenched hardness of <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/o1-tool-steel\/\">O1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/o2-tool-steel\/\">O2<\/a>, O6 and O7 bars read at the surface, at three-quarter radius and at the center, the surface-to-center hardness of <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/m2-tool-steel\/\">M2<\/a>, M3, T1 and T2 high speed steel bars, and the depth to 60 HRC in a 1% carbon W1.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-tool-area\"> <h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Hardenability is not the same thing as hardness<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Hardenability is the depth to which a steel hardens, not how hard it gets. The distinction runs through the whole tool steel family. The air hardening cold work grades (group A) reach full hardness in sections up to about 102 mm, and one of them, A6, through hardens in sections as large as 178 mm. The high chromium grades (group D) are air hardening too, with the exception of D3, which is quenched in oil and is therefore the grade in that group that distorts and cracks. The oil hardening grades (group O) harden small to moderate sections in oil, which is safer and straighter than water quenching. The water hardening grades (group W) need the fastest quench of all and are the ones most likely to crack in the tank.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Carbon content works against depth. The group O and group D steels carry so much carbon that a large share of it sits as undissolved carbide at normal hardening temperatures, and that carbide does not contribute to hardenability. The result is a steel that reaches a very high surface hardness and hardens through a smaller section than a lower carbon steel of similar alloy content would. Raising the austenitizing temperature dissolves more of that carbide and increases the depth of hardening, but it also grows the grain, lowers toughness and raises the risk of cracking in the quench. That trade is the reason the charts below are all tied to a stated austenitizing temperature.<\/p> <h2 class=\"ts-h2\">End-quench hardenability bands for the oil hardening grades<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The end-quench test (Jominy) quenches one end of a 25 mm round bar and reads hardness at sixteenth-of-an-inch steps along it, so the distance axis is a stand-in for cooling rate. A hardenability band is the envelope of several heats of the same grade, and it is what a steel buyer should be quoted against. Panel (c) puts O1 and O2 on one grid: the upper line is O1 and the lower line is O2, and the two are separated by roughly 3 to 5 HRC through the middle of the band. Both grades start near 65 HRC at the quenched end. By the far end of the band they are down to about 40 HRC. O6, plotted from a spheroidized structure, sits close to O1 over the first part of the band.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Hardenability-fig-3-end-quench-bands-O.png\" alt=\"End quench hardenability bands for O1, O2 and O6 oil hardening tool steel\" width=\"1350\" height=\"960\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Fig. 3. End-quench hardenability bands for group O tool steels: (a) O1, source A, (b) O2, source A, (c) O1 and O2, source B (five heats each), (d) O6 from a spheroidized structure. O1 and O6 were austenitized at 815 \u00b0C, O2 at 790 \u00b0C. Redrawn from the source figure, with the band boundaries digitized from the published chart.<\/figcaption><\/figure> <h2 class=\"ts-h2\">As-quenched hardness against bar diameter, O1 to O7<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The end-quench test ranks grades; this chart tells a shop what it will actually measure on a bar of a given diameter. Each panel is one grade read at the surface, at three-quarter radius and at the center, with the source marked in the caption. Read it as follows, at the diameters a die shop normally buys. O1 taken from 815 &#176;C gives about 65 HRC at the surface out to roughly 60 mm, 46 HRC at the surface of a 100 mm bar, and only about 35 HRC at the center of that same 100 mm bar. O2 holds its surface hardness further: about 65 HRC out to nearly 85 mm and still around 53 HRC at 100 mm, which is the reverse of the end-quench ranking and is explained by the different austenitizing temperatures used in the two test series. O7 is the least hardenable of the four: its center curve falls from about 66 HRC at 20 to 30 mm to about 38 HRC at 100 mm. That is consistent with the handbook note that O7 has lower hardenability but better wear resistance than the other group O grades. O6 reads close to O1 at all three positions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The working number is the gap between the surface and center curve at your bar size. A die that has to be hard through a 60 mm block is a different order of problem from the same die in 25 mm stock, and no line on a data sheet shows that as directly as the three curves of one panel.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Hardenability-fig-4-o-group-bar-diameter.png\" alt=\"As quenched hardness against bar diameter for O1, O2, O6 and O7 tool steel at surface, three quarter radius and center\" width=\"1650\" height=\"1290\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Fig. 4. As-quenched hardness against bar diameter for the oil hardening tool steels O1, O2, O6 and O7, read at the surface, at three-quarter radius and at the center. O1 was austenitized at 815 \u00b0C (source A) and 775 \u00b0C (source B), O2 at 790 \u00b0C. Center data for O2 and surface data for O7 are not available in the source. Redrawn from the source figure, with the ranges digitized from the published chart.<\/figcaption><\/figure> <h2 class=\"ts-h2\">High speed steel keeps its hardness through the section<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The high speed steels are the opposite case. The four panels below plot surface and center hardness for 25, 50 and 75 mm bars of M2, M3, T1 and T2. At 25 mm the center of the bar is at about 65 to 66 HRC, and even in a 75 mm bar the center is still reading roughly 62 to 65 HRC with the surface at 62 to 64 HRC. The spread from surface to center across 75 mm is one to three points. Against the oil hardening grades above, where the same section can cost twenty points or more at the center, that is the whole reason a large form tool or a big hob is made in high speed steel while a small blanking die is not.<\/p>\n<figure><img src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Hardenability-fig-2-hss-bar-diameter.jpg\" alt=\"Surface and center hardness against bar diameter for M2, M3, T1 and T2 high speed steel\" width=\"1201\" height=\"1018\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Fig. 2. Surface and center hardness against bar diameter for four high speed steels: (a) M2, (b) M3, (c) T1, (d) T2. The bars are 25, 50 and 75 mm round; M2 and M3 were oil quenched from 1205 and 1230 \u00b0C, T1 and T2 from 1290 \u00b0C. Reproduced from the source figure.<\/figcaption><\/figure> <h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Depth to 60 HRC in a 1% carbon W1<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The water hardening grades show the other end of the scale. This chart plots the depth at which 60 HRC is still measured against bar diameter, for the shallow, medium and deep hardening variations of W1 containing 1% carbon. In a 20 mm bar the deep hardening grade reaches 60 HRC to a depth of about 4\/16 in (6 mm), the medium grade to about 2.8\/16 in (4 mm) and the shallow grade to about 1.5\/16 in (2 mm). Take the bar up to 65 mm and the three fall to roughly 3, 2.5 and 1.2 sixteenths. Even the deep hardening W1 therefore does not harden past about 5 mm in a 65 mm bar at 60 HRC, which is exactly why the water hardening grades need a violent quench, why they are the ones that crack, and why the oil hardening and air hardening families replaced them for anything but the simplest section.<\/p>\n<figure><img src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Hardenability-fig-5-w1-depth-60-hrc.png\" alt=\"Depth to 60 HRC against bar diameter for shallow, medium and deep hardening W1 tool steel\" width=\"1110\" height=\"660\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Fig. 5. Bar diameter against the depth at which 60 HRC is still reached, for shallow, medium and deep hardening grades of W1 tool steel containing 1% C. Depth is in sixteenths of an inch. Redrawn from the source figure, with the three curves digitized from the published chart.<\/figcaption><\/figure> <h2 class=\"ts-h2\">What to do with the charts when ordering<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Read the center curve of your grade at the diameter you are buying. If that reading is below the hardness the tool needs, the options are, in order: buy a smaller section, move to a more hardenable grade in the same group, or step up to the air hardening family. Above roughly 100 mm the air hardening grades are the practical answer for a cold work die, and the hot work and high speed grades are the answer where the tool also has to run hot rather than merely harden through. Every figure on this page is as-quenched hardness. The hardness the tool works at comes from the tempering cycle, which is where the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-tempering-chart\/\">tool steel tempering chart<\/a> takes over, and the hardness the tool keeps once it is hot is on the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-hot-hardness-chart\/\">tool steel hot hardness chart<\/a>. The quenchants the grades above need, and the cooling speeds they deliver, are compared on the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/quenching-chart-water-oil-air-hardening\/\">quenching chart for water, oil and air hardening steels<\/a>, and the section size limit that applies when a part is austempered rather than quenched is on the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/austempering-section-size-bainite-hardness-chart\/\">austempering section size chart<\/a>. Where the same steel is supplied in a large block, the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/d2-tool-steel\/\">air hardening D2<\/a> and its relatives are the usual specification.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-source\">Source: ASM Handbook, Vol 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High-Performance Alloys.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tool Steel | Hardenability | Section Size Tool Steel Hardenability and Section Size Hardenability decides how thick a section of a given tool steel actually hardens, and it is the first number a shop needs before it orders bar stock. A grade that hardens to 65 HRC at the surface of a 100 mm block [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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