{"id":17740,"date":"2026-08-11T12:21:59","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T04:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?p=17740"},"modified":"2026-08-11T12:23:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T04:23:15","slug":"pm-vs-conventional-tool-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/blog\/pm-vs-conventional-tool-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Comparaci\u00f3n de la microestructura del acero para herramientas metal\u00fargico en polvo (PM) frente al acero para herramientas convencional."},"content":{"rendered":"

Acero para herramientas obtenido por metalurgia de polvos frente a acero para herramientas obtenido por fusi\u00f3n convencional.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Dos acero para herramientas<\/a> Las barras pueden tener la misma denominaci\u00f3n de grado y, sin embargo, comportarse de forma completamente diferente en la planta de producci\u00f3n. La composici\u00f3n qu\u00edmica de la aleaci\u00f3n suele ser similar, a veces id\u00e9ntica, pero una barra proviene de un lingote est\u00e1tico y la otra de polvo atomizado y consolidado bajo presi\u00f3n. Esa \u00fanica diferencia en la forma en que el metal l\u00edquido se solidifica es la causa principal de casi todas las discrepancias que encuentran los compradores al comparar grados de metalurgia de polvos y convencionales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este art\u00edculo analiza de d\u00f3nde proviene esa diferencia, qu\u00e9 cambios produce en la herramienta final y cu\u00e1ndo merece la pena pagar la prima por el servicio de gesti\u00f3n de proyectos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3mo los dos procesos solidifican el acero<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

El acero para herramientas convencional comienza su proceso en un horno de arco el\u00e9ctrico y se funde en lingotes est\u00e1ticos o palanquillas de colada continua. Para grados donde la limpieza es crucial, las acer\u00edas a\u00f1aden una segunda etapa de refundici\u00f3n, ya sea por electroescoria o por arco al vac\u00edo, para reducir la porosidad central, el gas atrapado y las macroinclusiones. Sin embargo, la fundici\u00f3n convencional no puede evitar el tiempo. Un lingote grande se enfr\u00eda durante horas, a veces d\u00edas, y durante ese tiempo los elementos de aleaci\u00f3n tienen espacio para migrar. El resultado es la segregaci\u00f3n micro y macrosc\u00f3pica, la formaci\u00f3n de bandas qu\u00edmicas que posteriormente se manifiesta como filamentos de carburo en la microestructura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El acero metal\u00fargico en polvo comienza de la misma manera, con fusi\u00f3n por inducci\u00f3n, pero el flujo fundido nunca toca un molde. Chorros de gas a alta presi\u00f3n lo atomizan en finas gotitas que se solidifican casi instant\u00e1neamente al caer a trav\u00e9s de una torre de atomizaci\u00f3n. Esta velocidad de enfriamiento es varios \u00f3rdenes de magnitud m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida que la de la fundici\u00f3n en lingotes, y es lo suficientemente r\u00e1pida como para suprimir la reacci\u00f3n de carburo eut\u00e9ctico grueso que provoca la segregaci\u00f3n. El polvo resultante se tamiza, se sella en recipientes y se consolida hasta alcanzar la densidad m\u00e1xima mediante prensado isost\u00e1tico en caliente; luego se forja o lamina en barras de la misma manera que se termina el acero convencional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tama\u00f1o y distribuci\u00f3n del carburo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La velocidad de solidificaci\u00f3n es clave. Un enfriamiento lento permite que los carburos crezcan y se agrupen en la direcci\u00f3n del flujo del lingote, y luego el laminado estira esos grupos formando bandas. Una solidificaci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida no les da esa oportunidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Caracter\u00edstica<\/th>Acero fundido convencionalmente<\/th>Acero PM<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
segregaci\u00f3n de aleaci\u00f3n<\/td>Presente, se muestra como vetas y bandas de carburo.<\/td>Esencialmente eliminado<\/td><\/tr>
Forma de carburo<\/td>Grueso, irregular, distribuido de manera desigual<\/td>Finas, esf\u00e9ricas, distribuidas uniformemente<\/td><\/tr>
Tama\u00f1o del carburo (ejemplo T15)<\/td>Hasta 34 micras, mediana alrededor de 6 micras.<\/td>Menos de 3 micras, mediana alrededor de 1,3 micras<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Esa diferencia de magnitud en el tama\u00f1o de los carburos es lo que se refleja posteriormente en la tenacidad, la capacidad de rectificado, la maquinabilidad y la estabilidad dimensional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tenacidad y propiedades transversales<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Los carburos bandeados facilitan la medici\u00f3n, siendo esta m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil en la direcci\u00f3n transversal, perpendicular a la direcci\u00f3n de laminaci\u00f3n. El acero para herramientas convencional es notablemente m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil en esa orientaci\u00f3n, lo cual es importante para cualquier herramienta sometida a cargas desde m\u00faltiples \u00e1ngulos en lugar de directamente a lo largo del eje de la barra. Dado que el acero PM no presenta bandeado, sus propiedades se mantienen constantes independientemente de la direcci\u00f3n de medici\u00f3n. Para herramientas que sufren impactos o cortes intermitentes, esta isotrop\u00eda suele ser el factor decisivo, por encima de la dureza bruta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rectificabilidad y maquinabilidad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La capacidad de rectificado se suele medir con el \u00edndice G, que representa el volumen de metal eliminado por unidad de desgaste de la muela. Los carburos grandes y duros, en particular los carburos MC ricos en vanadio, no se rectifican limpiamente. Se fracturan o se arrastran sobre la muela y la desgastan r\u00e1pidamente, por lo que las aleaciones convencionales de alta aleaci\u00f3n presentan bajos \u00edndices G. Los carburos PM son lo suficientemente peque\u00f1os como para desprenderse durante el rectificado sin da\u00f1ar el abrasivo, y el acero PM puede rectificarse hasta diez veces m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido que una aleaci\u00f3n convencional con un contenido de carburo comparable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La misma distribuci\u00f3n fina y uniforme de carburos favorece la maquinabilidad en estado recocido. El procesamiento por metalurgia de polvos tambi\u00e9n permite a las acer\u00edas aumentar el contenido de azufre para obtener grados de f\u00e1cil mecanizado sin la penalizaci\u00f3n en la trabajabilidad en caliente que conlleva la metalurgia convencional, ya que los sulfuros de manganeso permanecen peque\u00f1os y dispersos en lugar de formar filamentos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Estabilidad dimensional mediante tratamiento t\u00e9rmico<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Todo acero para herramientas se deforma durante el endurecimiento, pero la forma en que lo hace es crucial. La segregaci\u00f3n y la estructura direccional de los carburos provocan que el acero convencional se deforme de manera desigual, a menudo adquiriendo un patr\u00f3n cuadrangular reconocible al perder su forma circular. El acero PM se deforma uniformemente en todas las direcciones, por lo que la falta de redondez se mantiene cercana a un c\u00edrculo perfecto. Este movimiento predecible facilita la compensaci\u00f3n en la etapa de dise\u00f1o y reduce el riesgo de agrietamiento por temple en geometr\u00edas complejas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La resistencia al desgaste es m\u00e1s compleja de lo que parece.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Este es el aspecto en el que los compradores de herramientas suelen equivocarse. Con una composici\u00f3n qu\u00edmica id\u00e9ntica, el acero convencional puede mostrar una resistencia ligeramente superior al desgaste abrasivo puro, ya que sus carburos de mayor tama\u00f1o act\u00faan como rocas que impiden que las part\u00edculas abrasivas se deslicen. Sin embargo, la mayor\u00eda de las fallas reales en las herramientas se deben al desgaste adhesivo y a las microfisuras, en lugar de a la abrasi\u00f3n limpia, y es ah\u00ed donde el acero PM se impone, dado que su campo de carburos uniforme resiste mucho mejor las microfisuras y el desprendimiento de material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La principal ventaja reside en la libertad de aleaci\u00f3n. El procesamiento por metalurgia de polvos (PM) permite obtener grados como CPM 10V, CPM Rex 76 y ASP 60 con niveles de vanadio, niobio y cobalto que, de fundirse convencionalmente, provocar\u00edan fisuras durante el trabajo en caliente. Estos grados PM superaleados alcanzan una resistencia al desgaste y una dureza en rojo inalterables para cualquier grado convencional, simplemente porque ning\u00fan lingote convencional podr\u00eda mantener esa composici\u00f3n qu\u00edmica mediante forjado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respuesta al tratamiento t\u00e9rmico<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Los carburos finos se disuelven m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido durante la austenizaci\u00f3n, por lo que el acero PM alcanza su m\u00e1xima dureza a una temperatura de endurecimiento m\u00e1s baja y responde de manera m\u00e1s uniforme en toda la pieza. Dicho esto, el acero PM no tolera mejor un ciclo de tratamiento t\u00e9rmico deficiente que el acero convencional. Una herramienta PM con un tratamiento t\u00e9rmico inadecuado seguir\u00e1 teniendo un rendimiento inferior al de una herramienta convencional con un tratamiento adecuado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00bfCu\u00e1ndo merece la pena pagar la prima del Primer Ministro?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

El acero para herramientas PM suele costar entre un 5 y un 50 por ciento o m\u00e1s por encima del equivalente convencional, y los grados convencionales a\u00fan cubren aproximadamente el 90 por ciento del mercado porque las herramientas est\u00e1ndar no necesitan lo que ofrece PM. PM justifica su precio en algunas situaciones espec\u00edficas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La geometr\u00eda compleja de herramientas como fresas, machos de roscar y escariadores, donde la distorsi\u00f3n desigual durante el endurecimiento arruinar\u00eda las tolerancias de acabado, se beneficia del movimiento predecible de la metalurgia de polvos (PM). Las herramientas sometidas a fuertes impactos o cortes interrumpidos se benefician de la tenacidad isotr\u00f3pica de la PM, que resiste el astillamiento que destruir\u00eda una herramienta convencional. Las aplicaciones que requieren una resistencia extrema al desgaste abrasivo o adhesivo justifican el uso de grados de PM superaleados sin contraparte convencional. Grandes bloques de herramientas, incluyendo grandes matrices de fundici\u00f3n a presi\u00f3n<\/a>, se benefician de la ausencia de segregaci\u00f3n en la metalurgia de polvos, ya que la segregaci\u00f3n en un gran bloque convencional acelera la fatiga t\u00e9rmica y el agrietamiento por calor durante la vida \u00fatil del chip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fuera de esos casos, un producto convencional de buena procedencia y con un certificado de prueba de f\u00e1brica limpio cumple la funci\u00f3n a una fracci\u00f3n del costo.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Powder Metallurgy Tool Steel vs Conventionally Melted Tool Steel Two tool steel bars can carry the same grade name and still behave completely differently on the shop floor. The alloy chemistry is often close, sometimes identical, yet one bar came from a static ingot and the other came from atomized powder consolidated under pressure. That […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"\nPM vs Conventional Tool Steel, Microstructure Compared - 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