{"id":21272,"date":"2026-10-08T04:43:50","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T20:43:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=21272"},"modified":"2026-10-16T01:54:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T17:54:55","slug":"microconstituents-tool-steel-after-hardening","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/microconstituents-tool-steel-after-hardening\/","title":{"rendered":"Microconstituyentes en aceros para herramientas despu\u00e9s del temple"},"content":{"rendered":"

Microconstituyentes en aceros para herramientas despu\u00e9s del temple<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Un acero para herramientas templado no es una sola estructura. Es martensita, austenita retenida y carburos sin disolver en conjunto, y la proporci\u00f3n de cada uno decide la dureza que alcanza la pieza, la tenacidad que conserva y cu\u00e1nto se mueve durante el tratamiento. Esta p\u00e1gina presenta los porcentajes en volumen medidos para cuatro aceros para herramientas templados desde sus temperaturas de austenizaci\u00f3n recomendadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los tres constituyentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La martensita es el constituyente duro y aporta la dureza tal como se templa. Se forma durante el temple, cuando la austenita que se mantuvo a la temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n se enfr\u00eda lo suficientemente r\u00e1pido para transformarse sin difundir carbono.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La austenita retenida es la parte de esa austenita que nunca se transform\u00f3 y sigue presente a temperatura ambiente. Es m\u00e1s blanda que la martensita y, como puede transformarse despu\u00e9s, es el constituyente que se mueve cuando el acero se revene o se usa a temperatura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los carburos sin disolver son los carburos de aleaci\u00f3n que nunca pasaron a soluci\u00f3n durante la austenizaci\u00f3n. Aportan la resistencia al desgaste del grado, y el volumen que queda sin disolver aumenta con el contenido de aleaci\u00f3n formadora de carburos, principalmente cromo, molibdeno, tungsteno y vanadio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El equilibrio entre los tres lo fija el contenido de aleaci\u00f3n del grado, la temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n y el temple. El contenido de aleaci\u00f3n es la mayor de las tres palancas, porque la aleaci\u00f3n disuelta baja la temperatura a la que empieza a formarse la martensita y, por lo tanto, deja m\u00e1s austenita sin transformar a temperatura ambiente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Porcentajes en volumen despu\u00e9s del temple<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Acero<\/th>Tratamiento de temple<\/th>Dureza tal como se templa, HRC<\/th>Martensita, % vol.<\/th>Austenita retenida, % vol.<\/th>Carburos sin disolver, % vol.<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
W1<\/td>790 °C (1450 °F), 30 min; WQ<\/td>67.0<\/td>88.5<\/td>9<\/td>2.5<\/td><\/tr>
L3<\/td>845 °C (1550 °F), 30 min; OQ<\/td>66.5<\/td>90<\/td>7<\/td>3.0<\/td><\/tr>
M2<\/td>1225 °C (2235 °F), 6 min; OQ<\/td>64<\/td>71.5<\/td>20<\/td>8.5<\/td><\/tr>
D2<\/td>1040 °C (1900 °F), 30 min; AC<\/td>62<\/td>45<\/td>40<\/td>15<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Microconstituyentes en acero para herramientas W1, L3, M2 y D2 despu\u00e9s del temple desde la temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n recomendada. WQ, temple en agua; OQ, temple en aceite; AC, enfriamiento al aire. Fuente, Tabla 1 de Size Distortion in Tool Steels, en ASM Handbook, Volume 4, Heat Treating.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Estructura templada de cuatro aceros para herramientas, PDF imprimible<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Los tres porcentajes en volumen para W1, L3, M2 y D2, con el tratamiento de temple al que corresponde cada cifra, en un PDF con nuestros datos de contacto.<\/p>\n\n

\n
Descargar PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Lo que dicen los n\u00fameros<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

W1 es un grado al carbono simple que se templa en agua, y sale del temple como casi nada m\u00e1s que martensita. Midi\u00f3 88.5 vol% de martensita con 9 vol% de austenita retenida y 2.5 vol% de carburos sin disolver a 67.0 HRC. L3 se comporta de manera muy similar a 66.5 HRC, con 90 vol% de martensita y 7 vol% de austenita retenida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M2 y D2 van en la otra direcci\u00f3n. Su contenido de aleaci\u00f3n mantiene baja la temperatura de inicio de la martensita, por lo que una proporci\u00f3n mucho mayor de la austenita sobrevive al temple. La austenita retenida medida es 20 vol% en M2 y 40 vol% en D2. La misma aleaci\u00f3n deja 8.5 vol% de carburos sin disolver en M2 y 15 vol% en D2. Ninguno de los dos grados alcanza la dureza tal como se templa de W1, y la austenita retenida es la raz\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambas lecturas se necesitan juntas. El volumen de carburos es lo que hace que el acero para herramientas D2<\/a> mantenga el filo en trabajo abrasivo, mientras que el volumen de austenita es gran parte de la raz\u00f3n por la que el mismo grado se revene, y en muchos trabajos se revene dos veces, antes de ponerse en servicio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3mo se trata la austenita retenida<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

El revenido es la respuesta habitual. A medida que la temperatura de revenido sube por el rango de 120 a 260 °C (250 a 500 °F), parte de la austenita retenida se transforma en bainita, y esa transformaci\u00f3n va acompa\u00f1ada de una expansi\u00f3n en volumen. En los grados altamente aleados no toda se transforma, por lo que queda algo de austenita en la estructura despu\u00e9s de un solo revenido. Por encima de aproximadamente 540 a 595 °C (1000 a 1100 °F), la cementita formada durante el revenido se redisuelve en carburos de aleaci\u00f3n, lo que a\u00f1ade una expansi\u00f3n adicional en volumen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esos dos efectos son la raz\u00f3n por la que los grados de alta aleaci\u00f3n son aquellos en los que la secuencia de revenido se planifica en lugar de adivinarse. La estructura de la que parten los cuatro grados se describe grado por grado en la p\u00e1gina de microestructura de aceros para herramientas<\/a>, la forma en que se reduce la austenita retenida se expone en la p\u00e1gina de austenita retenida<\/a>, y el movimiento que produce la transformaci\u00f3n se recoge en la p\u00e1gina de cambio de volumen<\/a>. Cuando la austenita debe eliminarse antes del revenido en lugar de durante \u00e9l, el tratamiento se describe en la p\u00e1gina de tratamiento criog\u00e9nico<\/a>. El grado de alta velocidad de la tabla, acero para herramientas M2<\/a>, es aquel en el que la austenita retenida se cita con mayor frecuencia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antes de usar estos valores<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Esta p\u00e1gina es un resumen de referencia de la pr\u00e1ctica publicada y no es una especificaci\u00f3n de Aobo Steel. Los porcentajes en volumen son las cifras publicadas para los cuatro grados nombrados, con el tratamiento de temple indicado, y no se reproducir\u00e1n exactamente con un horno, medio de temple o temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n diferentes. El tratamiento que recibe una herramienta sigue siendo responsabilidad del tratador t\u00e9rmico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fuente: ASM Handbook, Volume 4, Heat Treating, ASM International, 1991.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Microconstituents in Tool Steels After Hardening A hardened tool steel is not one structure. It is martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides together, and the share each one takes decides the hardness the part reaches, the toughness it keeps and how much it moves during the treatment. This page gives the measured volume percentages for 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| Chart<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Volume percentages of martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides in W1, L3, M2 and D2 tool steel after hardening.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/microconstituents-tool-steel-after-hardening\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Microconstituents in Tool Steels After Hardening\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Volume percentages of martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides in W1, L3, M2 and D2 tool steel after hardening.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/microconstituents-tool-steel-after-hardening\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AoboSteel\" \/>\n<meta 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in Tool Steels After Hardening A hardened tool steel is not one structure. It is martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides together, and the share each one takes decides the hardness the part reaches, the toughness it keeps and how much it moves during the treatment. This page gives the measured volume percentages for…","rttpg_featured_image_url":null,"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Evan","author_link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/blog\/author\/admin\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":null,"rttpg_excerpt":"Microconstituents in Tool Steels After Hardening A hardened tool steel is not one structure. It is martensite, retained austenite and undissolved carbides together, and the share each one takes decides the hardness the part reaches, the toughness it keeps and how much it moves during the treatment. This page gives the measured volume percentages for…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21272"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21272\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22708,"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21272\/revisions\/22708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}