{"id":21117,"date":"2026-10-07T16:08:35","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T08:08:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=21117"},"modified":"2026-10-07T16:08:35","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T08:08:35","slug":"welding-tool-and-die-steels","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/welding-tool-and-die-steels\/","title":{"rendered":"Aceros para Herramientas y Matrices de Soldadura"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n\n:root{\n    --aobo-accent:#2563eb; --aobo-accent-dark:#1e1e2e; --aobo-blue:#0c56d0; --aobo-blue-dark:#073b91;\n    --aobo-text:#333; --aobo-muted:#888; --aobo-border:#e5e7eb; --aobo-border-dark:#ddd;\n    --aobo-stripe:#f7f7f9; --aobo-hover:#e8f0fe; --aobo-radius:8px; --aobo-radius-sm:6px;\n    --aobo-orange:#f59e0b; --aobo-fill:#e9ecef;\n  }\n  *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n  html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}\n  body{margin:0;background:#fff;color:var(--aobo-text);\n    font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe 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p,.entry-content[class] li{font-size: 16px !important}.entry-content[class] table th,.entry-content[class] table td{font-size: 14px !important;padding: 11px 12px !important}.entry-content[class] .aobo-hero{padding: 30px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta{padding: 26px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta .aobo-btn{width: 100%}}\n<\/style>\n<section class=\"aobo-ht-ref ts-props\">\n<div class=\"aobo-wrap\">\n\n<div class=\"ts-hero\">\n<div class=\"ts-hero-top\">\n<div class=\"ts-kicker\"><span><\/span>Tool Steel | Welding and Repair | Die Steels<\/div>\n<h1 style=\"--h1-max:46px\">Welding Tool and Die Steels<\/h1>\n<p>A tool or a die is welded for one of five reasons, and the reason decides everything that follows, from the filler metal to the preheat and the treatment after welding. This page covers the welding processes used on tool and die steels, the preheat and interpass temperatures for each tool steel group in both the annealed and the hardened condition, the post-weld heat treatment routes, and the repair practice for cracked, worn or broken tooling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ts-tool-area\">\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Why tools and dies get welded<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The source groups the welding work done on tool and die steels into five operations.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ts-p\">\n<li>Assembling several components into a single tool or die<\/li>\n<li>Fabricating a composite tool by depositing an overlay of tool steel weld metal on specific areas of a carbon steel or low-alloy steel base<\/li>\n<li>Rebuilding worn surfaces and edges back to size<\/li>\n<li>Altering a tool or die so it can run a different part<\/li>\n<li>Repairing a tool or die that has cracked, broken or been damaged in service<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Assembling a tool from welded components lets the maker use cheaper steel where hardness and wear resistance are not needed, and put a tougher grade underneath a tool steel insert or overlay. The second and third operations account for most of the welding done on tools and dies, and much of that work is hard surfacing with hardfacing alloys rather than a tool steel deposit. The fifth operation, repair, is where arc welding carries the most value, because a large die block or a forging die costs a great deal to replace and the downtime costs more than the repair.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Choosing the welding process<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Every common arc welding process can be used to build or repair a tool or die. The choice follows the size and complexity of the work, the preheat and interpass control it needs, the post-weld heat treatment and the filler metal available. Shielded metal arc welding is the most widely used of them, because it reaches into awkward joint positions, it runs off simple portable equipment and the covered electrodes cover a wide range of weld metal compositions. Gas tungsten arc welding and plasma arc welding suit small areas, thin sections and sharp edges, where control of the arc matters more than deposition rate. To put down a large volume of weld metal, as when building up a large die block, filling a deep cavity or repairing a deep crack, shielded metal arc welding with the special large electrodes of up to 19 mm (0.75 in.) is one route, and submerged arc, gas metal arc, flux cored arc and hot wire plasma arc welding are the others. Filler metal for the semiautomatic and automatic processes comes as solid wire or as composite metal cored and flux cored tubular products, and submerged arc welding can be modified with alloy enriched fluxes or by adding metal powder straight into the weld pool.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Annealed condition or hardened condition<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Tool and die steels are best welded in the annealed condition, and the harder the part the more that matters. A tool that has been hardened and tempered can still be repaired successfully, and doing so avoids the annealing step before the repair, the re-hardening and tempering afterwards, and the dimensional correction that heat treatment drags behind it. A tool that has been hardened but never tempered cannot be welded safely at all, and has to be annealed first.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Preheat and interpass temperature<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Tools and dies are never welded without preheating, whatever the composition and whatever the heat treatment condition. The preheat and interpass temperature comes from the steel composition, the section thickness and sometimes the heat treatment condition. The table below gives the range for the main tool steel groups, split between a part welded in the annealed condition and a part welded in the hardened condition.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:760px;\">\n<thead><tr><th>AISI steel type<\/th><th>Annealed base metal, &deg;C<\/th><th>Annealed base metal, &deg;F<\/th><th>Hardened base metal, &deg;C<\/th><th>Hardened base metal, &deg;F<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>W1, W2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">120-230<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">250-450<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">120-230<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">250-450<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>S1, S5, S7<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">150-260<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">300-500<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">150-260<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">300-500<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>O1, O6<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">150-205<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">300-400<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">150-205<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">300-400<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>A2, A4<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">150-260<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">300-500<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">150-205<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">300-400<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>D2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">370-480<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">700-900<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">370-480<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">700-900<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>H11, H12, H13<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">480-650<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">900-1200<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">370-540<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">700-1000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>M1, M2, M10, T1, T2, T4<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">510-595<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">950-1100<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">510-565<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">950-1050<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Source, Table 20 of Welding of Low-Alloy Steels, in ASM Handbook Volume 6, Welding, Brazing and Soldering.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Two rules keep this table usable. The preheat and interpass temperature for welding is chosen for a different purpose from the preheat used before austenitizing a tool for hardening, and the two should not be mixed up. On a hardened part the welding preheat and interpass temperature must stay below the tempering temperature the steel was given, because a higher preheat over-tempers the tool and softens the working surface. Where the tempering temperature is not known, take the low end of the range for that steel.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Section size moves the figure inside the range. A massive section welded in the annealed condition wants the upper end, and a thin section is fine at the lower end.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Post-weld heat treatment<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Left as welded, the weld metal and the heat affected zone of a tool steel can be very hard and brittle, and they crack if the part is allowed to cool all the way to room temperature before it is treated. A tool welded in the annealed condition normally has to be hardened and tempered afterwards to reach the performance the job needs, and it is often better to take the part straight to the hardening temperature as soon as welding finishes instead of letting it cool first. Crack sensitive grades can need that heating done in stages. On a less crack sensitive grade the part can be left to cool slowly and evenly to room temperature.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">For a tool welded in the hardened and tempered condition, an isothermal transformation diagram for that steel is the tool that sets the practice. With some steels the preheat and interpass temperature, held long enough after welding, lets the austenite transform to bainite instead of martensite, which is a structure that tolerates cooling. Where the preheat and interpass temperature a welder wants to use does not line up with the isothermal transformation temperature, the part is raised or lowered to that temperature once welding is finished. A second route is to let the part cool slowly and evenly after welding to a temperature 30 to 55 &deg;C (50 to 100 &deg;F) below the Ms temperature of the steel so the austenite transforms to martensite, then bring it straight up to the recommended tempering temperature.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Repair practice for tools and dies<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The type of tool steel being repaired and its heat treatment condition are best taken from the original specification for the tool or die. Where that record is missing, a chemical analysis establishes the carbon and alloy content and a hardness test establishes the condition. The repair area then has to be clean and dry, and every crack has to be found and taken out, together with the tool marks left by removing the damaged metal. Metal comes out by machining, grinding or thermal cutting depending on how hard the part is, and the part is preheated before thermal cutting or gouging and often before grinding a hardened tool.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">For a partial repair of a cutting edge or a working surface, the damaged area is machined or ground to a uniform depth that allows a deposit thick enough to carry the hardness and wear resistance the surface needs. A groove depth of about 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) is the common working figure. Dilution has to be considered, particularly on a composite tool where a carbon or lower alloy steel body supports the working surface. Where the whole cutting or working edge has to be rebuilt, the edge is chamfered at 45 degrees deep enough to take the deposit.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Whether the repair is a full penetration or a partial penetration weld depends on where the repair sits, the stresses the area will see in service, the weld metal needed and the heat treatment condition of the part. A repair that calls for a hardenable alloy steel deposit, or one where the part will be hardened and tempered after welding, is generally not safe as a partial penetration weld, because cracks start at the unwelded root and travel from there.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Shielded metal arc welding is the versatile process for small repair areas, and the large electrode sizes cover deep cracks and the rebuilding of large surface areas on massive parts. Large repairs come out cheaper on the semiautomatic and automatic processes, gas metal arc, flux cored arc, submerged arc and hot wire plasma arc. Manual gas tungsten arc welding handles small areas and edges, and automatic gas tungsten arc welding with hot or cold wire, together with hot wire plasma arc welding, covers larger areas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">What goes into the repair depends on where the repair sits and what the tool will do afterwards. A shallow repair in the working area of a tool in the annealed condition needs a heat treatable deposit that responds to the hardening and tempering cycle the way the base metal does. Where the cavity is deep enough, part of it can be built up with a nonhardenable filler first and finished with a tool steel filler, provided the built-up layer is strong enough to support the tool steel deposit under working load and the tool steel layer is thick enough that dilution does not eat the wear properties it was chosen for. On the working surface of a tool in the hardened and tempered condition, the deposit has to hold its properties after tempering, or a hardfacing deposit that needs no heat treatment can be used instead. A repair in a noncritical area can take a nonhardenable filler metal in either condition. When the repair is a cutting edge, the weld metal is allowed to flow or roll over the edge so the finished edge can be ground or machined without leaving a notch or a depression.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Peening is often needed on these repairs to reduce distortion and to stop the deposits from cracking. It only works when it is done properly, and that means peening while the deposit is still red. Too little peening leaves the stress in the part and too much peening cracks the deposit.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">What the steel supply side has to line up<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Two things on the purchasing side decide how smoothly a weld repair goes. The first is the condition the steel arrives in. A die that will be repaired by welding during its life is easier to work with in the annealed condition, and a spare that arrives hardened and tempered narrows the procedure to the isothermal transformation route. The second is filler metal availability. The heat treatable deposits that match a tool steel group in service are proprietary products rather than standard covered electrodes, and they are covered on our page on tool steel weld filler metals.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"ts-source\">Source: ASM Handbook, Volume 6, Welding, Brazing and Soldering, ASM International, 1993.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tool Steel | Welding and Repair | Die Steels Welding Tool and Die Steels A tool or a die is welded for one of five reasons, and the reason decides everything that follows, from the filler metal to the preheat and the treatment after welding. This page covers the welding processes used on tool and 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