{"id":20890,"date":"2026-10-04T08:10:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T00:10:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=20890"},"modified":"2026-10-16T16:13:25","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T08:13:25","slug":"special-purpose-tool-steel-heat-treatment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/special-purpose-tool-steel-heat-treatment\/","title":{"rendered":"Tratamiento t\u00e9rmico de aceros para herramientas de uso especial"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tratamiento t\u00e9rmico de aceros para herramientas de uso especial<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Dos peque\u00f1as familias de aceros para herramientas quedan fuera de los grupos principales y cada una est\u00e1 hecha para una sola tarea. Los grados de uso especial de baja aleaci\u00f3n del grupo L son aceros de bajo carbono con cromo, de composici\u00f3n cercana al acero para rodamientos 52100, y se usan donde una herramienta necesita resistencia al desgaste y templabilidad en lugar de dureza en caliente. Los grados de carbono-tungsteno del grupo F son aceros de temple superficial, templados en agua, que endurecen hasta una capa muy dura y admiten pulido espejo, que es lo que necesitan un dado de estirado y un molde de moldeo. Esta p\u00e1gina contiene las tablas de pr\u00e1ctica consolidadas para ambas familias del art\u00edculo fuente y las curvas de respuesta al revenido que las acompa\u00f1an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aceros para herramientas de uso especial de baja aleaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Los aceros L son la mitad f\u00e1cil de la familia. Sus temperaturas de austenizaci\u00f3n son lo bastante bajas como para que el precalentamiento casi nunca se use, y la adici\u00f3n de cromo y los dem\u00e1s elementos de aleaci\u00f3n les da m\u00e1s resistencia al desgaste y m\u00e1s templabilidad que los grados de temple en agua simple a los que se parecen. Los tipos L1, L3, L4 y L7 son cercanos al acero para rodamientos de producci\u00f3n 52100 y se usan para trabajos similares. La Tabla 1 es el resumen de la fuente para el grupo, y la Fig. 1 muestra lo que el revenido hace a la dureza de cinco de ellos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acero<\/th>Temperatura de normalizado (a), °C<\/th>Temperatura de normalizado (a), °F<\/th>Recocido<\/th>Endurecimiento<\/th><\/tr>
Temperatura (b)<\/th>Velocidad de enfriamiento (c)<\/th>Dureza recocida, HB<\/th>Temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n (d)<\/th>Tiempo de mantenimiento, min<\/th>Medio de temple<\/th>Dureza despu\u00e9s del temple, HRC (e)<\/th><\/tr>
\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th>°C\/h<\/th>°F\/h<\/th>\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
L1<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>775-800<\/td>1425-1475<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>179-207<\/td>790-845 \/ 1450-1550<\/td>10-30<\/td>O, W<\/td>64<\/td><\/tr>
L2<\/td>870-900<\/td>1600-1650<\/td>760-790<\/td>1400-1450<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>163-197<\/td>790-845 \/ 1450-1550<\/td>10-30<\/td>W<\/td>63<\/td><\/tr>
L3<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>174-201<\/td>845-925 \/ 1550-1700<\/td>10-30<\/td>O<\/td>63<\/td><\/tr>
L6<\/td>870<\/td>1600<\/td>760-790<\/td>1400-1450<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>183-212<\/td>790-845 \/ 1450-1550<\/td>10-30<\/td>O<\/td>62<\/td><\/tr>
L7<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>183-212<\/td>815-870 \/ 1500-1600<\/td>10-30<\/td>O<\/td>64<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fuente, Tabla 16 de Heat Treating of Specific Classes of Tool Steels. O, aceite; W, agua. (a) El tiempo de mantenimiento, despu\u00e9s del calentamiento uniforme en toda la secci\u00f3n, var\u00eda desde aproximadamente 15 min para secciones peque\u00f1as hasta aproximadamente 1 h para secciones grandes, y la pieza se enfr\u00eda desde la temperatura en aire en reposo. (b) Utilice el l\u00edmite inferior para secciones peque\u00f1as y el l\u00edmite superior para secciones grandes, manteniendo aproximadamente 1 h para secciones ligeras y cargas peque\u00f1as hasta aproximadamente 4 h para secciones pesadas y cargas grandes, o 1 h por pulgada de secci\u00f3n transversal del paquete para recocido en paquete. (c) Velocidad m\u00e1xima, y la velocidad no es cr\u00edtica despu\u00e9s de enfriar por debajo de 540 °C (1000 °F). (d) Estos aceros rara vez se precalientan. (e) Valores promedio t\u00edpicos, sujetos a variaci\u00f3n con la temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n y el medio de temple utilizado. La fuente tambi\u00e9n enumera dos opciones adicionales de austenizaci\u00f3n para L3, 775-815 °C (1425-1500 °F) con temple en agua hasta 64 HRC y 815-870 °C (1500-1600 °F) con temple en aceite hasta 64 HRC.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Hardness
Fig. 1. Dureza de los aceros para herramientas de uso especial de baja aleaci\u00f3n despu\u00e9s de revenir durante 2 h. Reproducida de la figura de la fuente. Cada panel es un grado y las etiquetas de las curvas indican la temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n y el medio de temple, de modo que el panel del L1 incluye tanto un temple en agua desde 815 °C como un temple en aceite desde 855 °C.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aceros para herramientas de uso especial de carbono-tungsteno<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Los aceros F son de temple superficial como grupo, y normalmente se templan en agua o salmuera, siendo el F3 el de mayor templabilidad debido a su adici\u00f3n de cromo. Deben normalizarse despu\u00e9s de la forja o despu\u00e9s de cualquier operaci\u00f3n que los haya llevado por encima de su temperatura de temple, y la pr\u00e1ctica de normalizado y recocido sigue la de los aceros L. Se recomienda precalentar a 650 °C (1200 °F) antes de la austenizaci\u00f3n, y la austenizaci\u00f3n se sit\u00faa en la banda de 790 a 870 °C (1450 a 1600 °F) seg\u00fan el grado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El temple en agua y en salmuera causa mucha distorsi\u00f3n en estas piezas, y esa distorsi\u00f3n se aprovecha en una aplicaci\u00f3n. Los dados de estirado en fr\u00edo que se han desgastado por encima de la medida se retemplan y se templan a chorro, lo que significa dirigir un chorro de agua hacia el interior del agujero, de modo que el agujero se contrae y el dado puede volver a servicio con el mismo tama\u00f1o de producto. Como las herramientas hechas de aceros F se usan principalmente donde el requisito es la resistencia al desgaste, entran en servicio a su dureza m\u00e1xima o cerca de ella, y rara vez se usan temperaturas de revenido superiores a 205 °C (400 °F). La Tabla 2 es la tabla de pr\u00e1ctica y la Fig. 2 es la respuesta al revenido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acero<\/th>Temperatura de normalizado (a), °C<\/th>Temperatura de normalizado (a), °F<\/th>Recocido<\/th>Endurecimiento<\/th><\/tr>
Temperatura (b)<\/th>Velocidad de enfriamiento (c)<\/th>Dureza recocida, HB<\/th>Precalentamiento<\/th>Austenizaci\u00f3n<\/th>Tiempo de mantenimiento, min<\/th>Medio de temple<\/th>Dureza despu\u00e9s del temple, HRC (d)<\/th><\/tr>
\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th>°C\/h<\/th>°F\/h<\/th>\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th>\u00b0C<\/th>\u00b0F<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
F1<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>760-800<\/td>1400-1475<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>183-207<\/td>650<\/td>1200<\/td>790-870<\/td>1450-1600<\/td>15<\/td>W, B<\/td>64<\/td><\/tr>
F2<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>207-235<\/td>650<\/td>1200<\/td>790-870<\/td>1450-1600<\/td>15<\/td>W, B<\/td>66<\/td><\/tr>
F3<\/td>900<\/td>1650<\/td>790-815<\/td>1450-1500<\/td>22<\/td>40<\/td>212-248<\/td>650<\/td>1200<\/td>790-870<\/td>1450-1600<\/td>15<\/td>W, B, O<\/td>66<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fuente, Tabla 17 de Heat Treating of Specific Classes of Tool Steels. W, agua; B, salmuera; O, aceite. (a) El tiempo de mantenimiento, despu\u00e9s del calentamiento uniforme en toda la secci\u00f3n, var\u00eda desde aproximadamente 15 min para secciones peque\u00f1as hasta aproximadamente 1 h para secciones grandes, y la pieza se enfr\u00eda desde la temperatura en aire en reposo. (b) Utilice el l\u00edmite inferior para secciones peque\u00f1as y el l\u00edmite superior para secciones grandes, manteniendo aproximadamente 1 h para secciones ligeras y cargas peque\u00f1as hasta aproximadamente 4 h para secciones pesadas y cargas grandes, o 1 h por pulgada de secci\u00f3n transversal del paquete para recocido en paquete. (c) Velocidad m\u00e1xima de enfriamiento, y la velocidad no es cr\u00edtica despu\u00e9s de que el acero se haya enfriado por debajo de 540 °C (1000 °F). (d) Valores de dureza promedio t\u00edpicos, sujetos a variaci\u00f3n con la temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n y el medio de temple utilizado.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tempering
Fig. 2. Caracter\u00edsticas de revenido de los aceros para herramientas de uso especial de carbono-tungsteno revenidos durante 2 h despu\u00e9s de templarse en salmuera. Reproducida de la figura de la fuente. Las tres curvas son F1 austenizado a 815 °C, F2 a 845 °C y F3 a 870 °C, todos templados en salmuera, y la separaci\u00f3n entre ellas muestra cu\u00e1nta de la dureza queda decidida antes de que el revenido siquiera comience.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Por qu\u00e9 existen estas dos familias<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ninguna de las dos familias es un acero para herramientas de uso general y ninguna sustituye a un D2 o un M2. Los aceros L se eligen cuando un taller quiere un acero tenaz, templable y de bajo costo que soporta un desgaste moderado y es f\u00e1cil de tratar t\u00e9rmicamente, que es por lo que la industria de rodamientos usa la misma composici\u00f3n en volumen. Los aceros F se eligen cuando el desgaste es abrasivo y la carga es ligera, y donde una superficie dura y pulida importa m\u00e1s que la tenacidad en el filo. En ambos casos se pierde todo el sentido del grado si el temple se elige por conveniencia, por lo que el medio indicado en la tabla es un requisito y no una sugerencia, y los grados L3 y F1 en particular muestran cu\u00e1nto se desplaza la dureza cuando el mismo acero se templa de dos maneras diferentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fuente: ASM Handbook, Volume 4, Heat Treating, ASM International, 1991.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Special Purpose Tool Steel Heat Treatment Two small tool steel families sit outside the main groups and both are made for one job each. The low-alloy special-purpose grades of the L group are low-carbon, chromium-bearing steels close in composition to the bearing steel 52100, and they are used where a tool needs wear resistance and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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