{"id":20735,"date":"2026-10-03T08:04:05","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T00:04:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=20735"},"modified":"2026-10-16T01:10:19","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T17:10:19","slug":"hardened-tool-steel-structure-shock-medium-alloy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/hardened-tool-steel-structure-shock-medium-alloy\/","title":{"rendered":"Estructura endurecida de los aceros para herramientas de resistencia al impacto y de aleaci\u00f3n media"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Estructura endurecida de los aceros para herramientas de resistencia al impacto y de aleaci\u00f3n media<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un acero para herramientas correctamente endurecido se ve muy similar de un grado a otro, y los grados que rompen esa regla son los que tienen bajo contenido de carbono y casi ning\u00fan carburo residual. En esos aceros casi todo el carbono pasa a soluci\u00f3n, la martensita resulta m\u00e1s gruesa y el microscopio \u00f3ptico tiene m\u00e1s que mostrar. Esta p\u00e1gina re\u00fane las micrograf\u00edas endurecidas y revenidas de los grados de resistencia al impacto y de los grados de aleaci\u00f3n media que se templan al aceite y al aire, <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/s7-tool-steel\/\">S7<\/a> junto con S1, S2 y S5, <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/l6-tool-steel\/\">L6<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/o1-tool-steel\/\">O1<\/a> y O2, y los <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/h13-tool-steel\/\">H11 y H13<\/a> del extremo de trabajo en caliente de la familia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por qu\u00e9 estos grados muestran m\u00e1s estructura<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las micrograf\u00edas de acero para herramientas tratado t\u00e9rmicamente se ven similares cuando los grados est\u00e1n correctamente tratados, y la principal diferencia entre ellos es la cantidad y el tipo de carburo residual sin disolver, que determina cu\u00e1n gruesa es la martensita en placas. En la mayor\u00eda de los aceros para herramientas la martensita es tan fina que poco detalle se revela con un microscopio \u00f3ptico. Ese no es el caso de los grados de resistencia al impacto como S1, S5 y S7, que tienen menor carbono, disuelven casi todo y por lo tanto producen una martensita m\u00e1s gruesa con m\u00e1s detalle visible a 500x y 1000x.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Revenido a baja temperatura, a plena dureza<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las seis placas a continuaci\u00f3n son el extremo de trabajo en fr\u00edo del grupo, todas templadas y luego revenidas en la ventana de 150 a 175 &#176;C que alivia la tensi\u00f3n de temple sin afectar la dureza. Las durezas van de 58 a 61.5 HRC y las temperaturas de revenido son todas bajas, que es la combinaci\u00f3n normal para un troquel o una herramienta de corte que debe mantener un filo agudo a temperatura ambiente. Lo que diferencia las placas es cu\u00e1nto carburo queda. S1 y S5 muestran solo martensita, porque el grado tiene tan poco carburo residual que nada de \u00e9l sobrevive en la imagen a estas ampliaciones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-52-s1.jpg\" alt=\"AISI S1 shock resisting tool steel hardened at 955 C and tempered at 150 C, martensite only, 2% nital, 500x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 52. S1 calentado a 955 &#176;C, templado en aceite y revenido a 150 &#176;C, 58 a 59 HRC. Solo se observa martensita, porque casi todo el carbono pas\u00f3 a soluci\u00f3n. Nital al 2%, 500x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-49-s2.jpg\" alt=\"AISI S2 shock resisting tool steel hardened at 845 C and tempered at 150 C, 59.5 HRC, 2% nital, 1000x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 49. S2 calentado a 845 &#176;C, templado en agua y revenido a 150 &#176;C, 59.5 HRC. Martensita con una peque\u00f1a cantidad de carburo sin disolver muy fino. Nital al 2%, 1000x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-53-s5.jpg\" alt=\"AISI S5 shock resisting tool steel hardened at 870 C and tempered at 175 C, martensite only, 1000x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 53. S5 calentado a 870 &#176;C, templado en aceite y revenido a 175 &#176;C, 60 HRC. Solo se observa martensita. Nital al 2%, 1000x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-50-l6.jpg\" alt=\"AISI L6 tool steel hardened at 840 C and tempered at 150 C, 61 HRC, 2% nital, 1000x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 50. L6 calentado a 840 &#176;C, templado en aceite y revenido a 150 &#176;C, 61 HRC. Martensita con carburo sin disolver. Nital al 2%, 1000x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-51-o2.jpg\" alt=\"AISI O2 oil hardening tool steel hardened at 850 C and tempered at 175 C, 61 HRC, 2% nital, 1000x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 51. O2 calentado a 850 &#176;C, templado en aceite y revenido a 175 &#176;C, 61 HRC. Martensita con una peque\u00f1a cantidad de carburo sin disolver. Nital al 2%, 1000x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-57-a6.jpg\" alt=\"AISI A6 air hardening tool steel hardened at 840 C and tempered at 150 C, 61.5 HRC, 2% nital, 1000x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 57. A6 calentado a 840 &#176;C, templado al aire y revenido a 150 &#176;C, 61.5 HRC. Martensita con una peque\u00f1a cantidad de carburo sin disolver. Nital al 2%, 1000x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Revenido a alta temperatura, para un troquel que trabaja caliente<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los grados de trabajo en caliente se templan y luego se revenen a una temperatura treinta veces mayor, porque el troquel debe mantener su dureza mientras trabaja en caliente. H11 se templa al aire desde 1010 &#176;C y se revenido doble a 510 &#176;C hasta 52 HRC, y H21, el grado de trabajo en caliente al tungsteno, se templa en aceite desde 1200 &#176;C y se revenido a 595 &#176;C hasta 53.5 HRC. Ambos contienen una peque\u00f1a cantidad de carburo muy fino en una matriz martens\u00edtica, y en ambos se leen las mismas dos cosas cuando un troquel falla prematuramente: el tama\u00f1o de grano austen\u00edtico previo y si el ciclo de revenido se sigui\u00f3 dos veces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-58-h11.jpg\" alt=\"AISI H11 hot work tool steel hardened at 1010 C and double tempered at 510 C, 52 HRC, Vilella's reagent, 1000x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 58. H11 calentado a 1010 &#176;C, templado al aire y revenido doble a 510 &#176;C, 52 HRC. Martensita con una peque\u00f1a cantidad de carburo muy fino. Reactivo de Vilella&#8217;s, 1000x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Microstructure-hardened-fig-60-h21.jpg\" alt=\"AISI H21 tungsten hot work tool steel hardened at 1200 C and tempered at 595 C, 53.5 HRC, 1000x\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 60. H21 calentado a 1200 &#176;C, templado en aceite y revenido a 595 &#176;C, 53.5 HRC. Martensita con carburo sin disolver. Nital al 2% y reactivo de Vilella&#8217;s, 1000x.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El doble revenido no es opcional en este extremo de la familia. El segundo revenido es lo que acondiciona la estructura que queda despu\u00e9s del primero, y los troqueles de trabajo en caliente que fallan por fisuraci\u00f3n en lugar de por desgaste suelen ser los que se revenieron una sola vez. Los programas de revenido para los grados de trabajo en caliente al cromo se detallan en la <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-steel-heat-treatment-guide\/\">gu\u00eda de tratamiento t\u00e9rmico del acero para herramientas<\/a>, y los mismos grados con una capa nitrurada est\u00e1n en la <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-steel-microstructure\/\">microestructura del acero para herramientas<\/a> p\u00e1gina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lo que la placa puede y no puede mostrar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Una micrograf\u00eda de acero para herramientas endurecido determina el tama\u00f1o de grano, la cantidad de carburo sin disolver y si la estructura es totalmente martens\u00edtica, y no determina qu\u00e9 carburo est\u00e1 presente ni <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/microconstituents-tool-steel-after-hardening\/\">cu\u00e1nta austenita retenida queda<\/a>. La austenita retenida permanece invisible hasta que hay una cantidad sustancial, generalmente m\u00e1s del 10%, y el tipo de carburo requiere un ataque con tinte o un m\u00e9todo de mayor resoluci\u00f3n para identificarse. Ambas comprobaciones se detallan en la <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-steel-tint-etching\/\">ataque con tinte<\/a> p\u00e1gina, y la dureza que cada grado mantiene despu\u00e9s de cada temperatura de revenido est\u00e1 en la <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-steel-tempering-chart\/\">tabla de templado<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compilado del ASM Handbook, Volumen 9, Metallography and Microstructures, art\u00edculo Metallographic Techniques for Tool Steels de George F. Vander Voort, ASM International, 2004 (secci\u00f3n de microestructuras tratadas t\u00e9rmicamente, Fig. 49 a Fig. 53, Fig. 57, Fig. 58 y Fig. 60). Cada leyenda se ley\u00f3 de la capa de texto buscable del archivo y se verific\u00f3 contra la placa impresa, y cada placa se recort\u00f3 del archivo a 1.5 veces su ancho en p\u00edxeles impreso. Las placas son un resumen de referencia de la pr\u00e1ctica publicada y no una especificaci\u00f3n de Aobo Steel, por lo que confirme el grado, la temperatura de austenizaci\u00f3n y el ciclo de revenido contra el certificado de ensayo del material antes de redactar una hoja de proceso.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hardened Structure of Shock Resisting and Medium Alloy Tool Steels A properly hardened tool steel looks much the same from one grade to the next, and the grades that break that rule are the ones with a low carbon content and almost no residual carbide. In those steels nearly all of the carbon goes into [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20735","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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