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.aobo-card-note,.entry-content[class] .card-desig,.entry-content[class] .k,.entry-content[class] .v,.entry-content[class] .note,.entry-content[class] .aobo-note{font-family: var(--ds-font-head) !important;font-size: 15px !important;line-height: 1.6 !important;font-weight: 400 !important}.entry-content[class] .ht-spec-label,.entry-content[class] .idx,.entry-content[class] .k{font-weight: 700 !important}.entry-content[class] .aobo-note,.entry-content[class] .note{font-family: var(--ds-font-body) !important;color: var(--ds-muted) !important}.entry-content[class] .chip{font-family: var(--ds-font-head) !important;font-size: 13px !important;font-weight: 700 !important}.entry-content[class] .kicker,.entry-content[class] .eyebrow,.entry-content[class] .aobo-eyebrow{display: inline-flex !important;align-items: center;gap: 7px;margin: 0 0 14px !important;padding: 6px 14px !important;border: 1px solid var(--ds-border) !important;border-radius: 999px !important;background: #ffffff !important;color: var(--ds-blue) !important;font-family: var(--ds-font-head) !important;font-size: 13px !important;font-weight: 700 !important;letter-spacing: 0 !important;text-transform: none !important}@media (max-width: 760px){.entry-content[class] h1{font-size: clamp(22px,6.4vw,min(34px,var(--h1-max,34px))) !important}.entry-content[class] h2{font-size: 25px !important}.entry-content[class] h3{font-size: 20px !important}.entry-content[class] h4{font-size: 17px !important}.entry-content[class] p,.entry-content[class] li{font-size: 16px !important}.entry-content[class] table th,.entry-content[class] table td{font-size: 14px !important;padding: 11px 12px !important}.entry-content[class] .aobo-hero{padding: 30px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta{padding: 26px 22px}.entry-content[class] .aobo-final-cta .aobo-btn{width: 100%}}\n<\/style>\n<section class=\"aobo-ht-ref ts-props\">\n<div class=\"aobo-wrap\">\n<div class=\"ts-hero\">\n<div class=\"ts-hero-top\">\n<div class=\"ts-kicker\"><span><\/span>D2 | Compressive Strength and Microstructure<\/div>\n<h1 style=\"--h1-max:44px\">D2 Tool Steel Compressive Strength and Microstructure<\/h1>\n<p>D2 hardens by air cooling and is normally put to work between about 58 and 60 HRC, where it carries pressure in punches, dies, coining tools and gauges. Two published measurements are collected here. The first follows what the austenitizing temperature does to the structure of D2, in terms of martensite, retained austenite and carbide. The second gives the ultimate compressive strength of D2 and D3 after hardening and tempering at 175 and 230 \u00b0C. This is a reference summary of published practice and not a specification of ours.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"ts-tool-area\">\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">How the two sets of figures were measured<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The microstructure figures come from one study on a high-carbon, high-chromium steel of 1.60 per cent carbon and 11.95 per cent chromium, which is the D2 composition. Each specimen was austenitized for 30 minutes at the temperature shown and quenched into oil. Martensite, austenite and carbide are listed as volume per cent, and the three add up to 100 per cent in every column of the table.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The compressive figures come from a different source. There the two steels were hardened to their maximum hardness and then tempered at the temperature shown. Different heats and different test methods sit behind the two tables, so read them as two separate measurements rather than as rows of one experiment.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Structure after austenitizing and quenching<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ts-h3\">Volume per cent of martensite, austenite and carbide in D2<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:760px;\">\n<thead><tr><th>Austenitizing temperature (\u00b0C)<\/th><th>Austenitizing temperature (\u00b0F)<\/th><th>Martensite (vol %)<\/th><th>Austenite (vol %)<\/th><th>Carbide (vol %)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody><tr><td class=\"ts-num\">1040<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1900<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">79<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">7<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">14<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ts-num\">1065<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1950<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">65<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">22<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ts-num\">1095<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2000<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">33<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">55<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ts-num\">1120<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2050<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">85<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">10<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ts-num\">1135<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2075<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">88<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">10<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"ts-num\">1150<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2100<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">88<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">10<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Source, Table 12-3, Amounts of microconstituents in D2 tool steel as a function of austenitizing temperature, printed page 209 of Tool Steels (G. A. Roberts and G. Krauss), PDF page 203 of the copy consulted. Specimens were austenitized 30 minutes at temperature and quenched into oil. Composition of the heat, 1.60% C, 11.95% Cr, 0.33% Mn, 0.32% Si, 0.79% Mo, 0.25% V, 0.18% P and 0.010% S.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The martensite falls away quickly and the austenite takes its place. At 1040 \u00b0C the quenched structure is 79 per cent martensite and 7 per cent austenite. By 1120 \u00b0C it is 5 per cent martensite and 85 per cent austenite, and above that the austenite figure barely moves. Carbide volume is the one value that hardly changes at all, from 14 per cent down to 10 per cent across the whole of the range covered.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The practical reading is that raising the austenitizing temperature does not buy much extra carbide, and carbide is what carries wear resistance in D2. What it does buy is retained austenite in the as-quenched structure, and retained austenite holds hardness down until the tempering temperature is high enough for it to transform. That is why D2 is normally given two tempers, and why a hardness reading taken straight after the quench can sit well below the working hardness. The same behaviour in a hot-work grade is charted on the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/h13-austenitizing-temperature-chart\/\">H13 austenitizing temperature chart<\/a>, and the austenitizing range for this grade is set out on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/d2-austenitizing-temperature\/\">D2 austenitizing temperature<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Compressive strength after hardening and tempering<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"ts-h3\">Ultimate compressive strength of D2 and D3<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ts-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:780px;\">\n<thead><tr><th>Steel<\/th><th>Tempering temperature (\u00b0C)<\/th><th>Tempering temperature (\u00b0F)<\/th><th>Hardness (HRC)<\/th><th>Ultimate compressive strength (MPa)<\/th><th>Ultimate compressive strength (ksi)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody><tr><td>D2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">175<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">350<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">61.5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3841<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">557<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">230<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">450<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">59.5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3641<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">528<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">175<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">350<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">63.5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3634<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">527<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D3<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">230<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">450<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">61.5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3290<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">477<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-tcap\"><em>Source, Table 12-4, Compressive strengths of high-carbon, high-chromium steels after hardening to maximum hardness and tempering at temperatures noted, printed page 211 of Tool Steels (G. A. Roberts and G. Krauss), PDF page 205 of the copy consulted.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Compressive strength tracks the hardness in these two grades. D2 reaches 61.5 HRC after tempering at 175 \u00b0C and carries 3841 MPa, which is 557 ksi, and it drops to 59.5 HRC and 3641 MPa after tempering at 230 \u00b0C. D3 starts harder, at 63.5 HRC and 3634 MPa, and falls to 61.5 HRC and 3290 MPa over the same two tempering temperatures. Raising the tempering temperature by 55 \u00b0C costs D2 about 200 MPa of compressive strength and D3 about 340 MPa.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Both heats were hardened to their maximum hardness for these tests, which puts D2 at the top of its hardness range rather than at the 58 to 60 HRC most cold-work tools are run at. Use the figures to compare the two grades and to see the size of the drop with tempering, then confirm the working value against the test certificate for the heat you buy.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">What the figures mean in the die shop<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">For tooling that carries pressure rather than sliding wear, such as coining dies, cold extrusion punches, thread rolling dies and press fit gauges, the compressive number is the one to compare with the pressure the job puts on the tool. A higher tempering temperature is often chosen to protect toughness, and the tables show what that choice costs in load carrying capacity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">The microstructure table answers a different question, which is how far the austenitizing temperature can be pushed. In this data the carbide advantage of a low austenitizing temperature is small, while the retained austenite penalty of a high one is large, so the upper end of the recommended range is where the risk sits.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"ts-h2\">Related reference data<\/h2>\n<p class=\"ts-p\">Both grades are sold in the annealed condition, and their supply forms are listed on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/d2-tool-steel\/\">D2 tool steel<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/d3-tool-steel\/\">D3 tool steel<\/a>. The hardness the finished tool works at, and the tempering chart behind it, are on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/d2-steel-hardness\/\">D2 steel hardness<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/d2-tool-steel-heat-treatment-guide\/\">D2 heat treatment<\/a>. Carbide volume by grade across the tool steel families is listed on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/carbide-volume-fractions-tool-steels\/\">carbide volume fractions in tool and knife steels<\/a>, the general property comparison is on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-properties-chart\/\">tool steel properties<\/a>, and the way retained austenite is dealt with in a high-speed grade is on <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/retained-austenite-tool-steel\/\">retained austenite in M2 tool steel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ts-dl\">\n          <div class=\"ts-dl-txt\"><strong>D2 compressive strength and microstructure data, printable PDF<\/strong>\n          Both tables, the volume per cent of martensite, austenite and carbide from 1040 to 1150 \u00b0C and the compressive strength of D2 and D3 at two tempering temperatures, in one PDF with our contact details.<\/div>\n          <a class=\"ts-dl-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-D2-Tool-Steel-Compressive-Strength.pdf\" download>\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M12 3v12m0 0 4.5-4.5M12 15l-4.5-4.5M4 20h16\"\/><\/svg>\n            Download PDF, 379 KB\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n<p class=\"ts-source\">Compiled from Tool Steels (G. A. Roberts and G. Krauss), Tables 12-3 and 12-4 on printed pages 209 and 211, the chapter on high-carbon, high-chromium cold-work tool steels. The tables are reproduced as published and are a reference summary rather than an Aobo Steel specification, so treat them as the behaviour the trade measures rather than as a heat treatment instruction for a particular die.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D2 | Compressive Strength and Microstructure D2 Tool Steel Compressive Strength and Microstructure D2 hardens by air cooling and is normally put to work between about 58 and 60 HRC, where it carries pressure in punches, dies, coining tools and gauges. Two published measurements are collected here. The first follows what the austenitizing temperature does [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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