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.aobo-final-cta .aobo-btn{width: 100%}}\n<\/style>\n<section class=\"aobo-ht-ref ts-props\">\n  <div class=\"aobo-wrap\">\n    <div class=\"ts-hero\">\n      <div class=\"ts-hero-top\">\n        <div class=\"ts-kicker\"><span><\/span>Tool Steel Reference Data<\/div>\n        <h1 style=\"--h1-max:50px\">Surface Roughness Chart<\/h1>\n        <p>The Ra finish each production method leaves on steel, from flame cutting and sawing down to lapping and superfinishing. Every row shows the range that is routinely produced and the wider range that can still occur, in micrometers and microinches, with the roughness grade numbers and the cut-off values that go with them.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ts-tool-area\">\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Roughness produced by common production methods\n          <span>The dark bar is the range a shop normally holds with that process. The grey bar is the wider range that is possible under favourable conditions. Values as printed in Machinery&#8217;s Handbook 28th Edition, Table 1.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-fig\">\n          <svg viewBox=\"0 0 980 781\" width=\"100%\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Surface roughness chart: Ra ranges produced by common production methods\" font-family=\"system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif\">\n<rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"980\" height=\"781\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n<line x1=\"216.0\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"216.0\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"216.0\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">50<\/text>\n<text x=\"216.0\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(2000)<\/text>\n<text x=\"216.0\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2000<\/text>\n<line x1=\"278.2\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"278.2\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"278.2\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">25<\/text>\n<text x=\"278.2\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(1000)<\/text>\n<text x=\"278.2\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1000<\/text>\n<line x1=\"340.4\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"340.4\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"340.4\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">12.5<\/text>\n<text x=\"340.4\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(500)<\/text>\n<text x=\"340.4\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">500<\/text>\n<line x1=\"401.9\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"401.9\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"401.9\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">6.3<\/text>\n<text x=\"401.9\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(250)<\/text>\n<text x=\"401.9\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">250<\/text>\n<line x1=\"462.7\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"462.7\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"462.7\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3.2<\/text>\n<text x=\"462.7\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(125)<\/text>\n<text x=\"462.7\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">125<\/text>\n<line x1=\"524.9\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"524.9\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"524.9\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1.6<\/text>\n<text x=\"524.9\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(63)<\/text>\n<text x=\"524.9\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">63<\/text>\n<line x1=\"587.1\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"587.1\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"587.1\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.80<\/text>\n<text x=\"587.1\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(32)<\/text>\n<text x=\"587.1\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">32<\/text>\n<line x1=\"649.3\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"649.3\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"649.3\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.40<\/text>\n<text x=\"649.3\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(16)<\/text>\n<text x=\"649.3\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">16<\/text>\n<line x1=\"711.5\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"711.5\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"711.5\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.20<\/text>\n<text x=\"711.5\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(8)<\/text>\n<text x=\"711.5\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">8<\/text>\n<line x1=\"773.7\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"773.7\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"773.7\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.10<\/text>\n<text x=\"773.7\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(4)<\/text>\n<text x=\"773.7\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">4<\/text>\n<line x1=\"835.9\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"835.9\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"835.9\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.05<\/text>\n<text x=\"835.9\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(2)<\/text>\n<text x=\"835.9\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text>\n<line x1=\"898.1\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"898.1\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"898.1\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.025<\/text>\n<text x=\"898.1\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(1)<\/text>\n<text x=\"898.1\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text>\n<line x1=\"964.0\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"964.0\" y2=\"717\" stroke=\"#e5e7eb\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n<text x=\"964.0\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.012<\/text>\n<text x=\"964.0\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(0.5)<\/text>\n<text x=\"964.0\" y=\"731\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#888888\" text-anchor=\"middle\">0.5<\/text>\n<text x=\"216\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" font-weight=\"600\">Ra, micrometres (microinches in brackets)<\/text>\n<text x=\"964\" y=\"16\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Ra, microinches (bottom scale)<\/text>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Flame Cutting<\/text>\n<rect x=\"216.0\" y=\"69\" width=\"185.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"69\" width=\"62.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"101\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Snagging<\/text>\n<rect x=\"216.0\" y=\"90\" width=\"246.7\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"90\" width=\"123.7\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Sawing<\/text>\n<rect x=\"216.0\" y=\"111\" width=\"371.1\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"111\" width=\"246.7\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"143\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Planing, Shaping<\/text>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"132\" width=\"371.1\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"340.4\" y=\"132\" width=\"184.5\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"164\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Drilling<\/text>\n<rect x=\"340.4\" y=\"153\" width=\"246.7\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"153\" width=\"123.0\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"185\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Chemical Milling<\/text>\n<rect x=\"340.4\" y=\"174\" width=\"246.7\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"174\" width=\"123.0\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"206\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Elect. Discharge Mach.<\/text>\n<rect x=\"340.4\" y=\"195\" width=\"246.7\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"432.3\" y=\"195\" width=\"92.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"227\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Milling<\/text>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"216\" width=\"464.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"216\" width=\"185.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Broaching<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"237\" width=\"247.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"237\" width=\"124.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"269\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Reaming<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"258\" width=\"247.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"258\" width=\"124.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"290\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Electron Beam<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"279\" width=\"309.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"279\" width=\"185.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"311\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Laser<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"300\" width=\"309.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"300\" width=\"185.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"332\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Electro-Chemical<\/text>\n<rect x=\"340.4\" y=\"321\" width=\"495.5\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"321\" width=\"248.8\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"353\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Boring, Turning<\/text>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"342\" width=\"619.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"342\" width=\"247.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"374\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Barrel Finishing<\/text>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"363\" width=\"373.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"363\" width=\"124.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"395\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Electrolytic Grinding<\/text>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"384\" width=\"186.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"618.2\" y=\"384\" width=\"93.3\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"416\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Roller Burnishing<\/text>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"405\" width=\"186.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"649.3\" y=\"405\" width=\"62.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"437\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Grinding<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"426\" width=\"496.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"524.9\" y=\"426\" width=\"248.8\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"458\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Honing<\/text>\n<rect x=\"524.9\" y=\"447\" width=\"373.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"447\" width=\"186.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"479\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Electro-Polish<\/text>\n<rect x=\"524.9\" y=\"468\" width=\"439.1\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"468\" width=\"186.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"500\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Polishing<\/text>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"489\" width=\"376.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"649.3\" y=\"489\" width=\"124.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"521\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Lapping<\/text>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"510\" width=\"376.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"649.3\" y=\"510\" width=\"186.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"542\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Superfinishing<\/text>\n<rect x=\"587.1\" y=\"531\" width=\"376.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"711.5\" y=\"531\" width=\"186.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"563\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Sand Casting<\/text>\n<rect x=\"216.0\" y=\"552\" width=\"185.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"552\" width=\"62.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"584\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Hot Rolling<\/text>\n<rect x=\"216.0\" y=\"573\" width=\"185.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"573\" width=\"62.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"605\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Forging<\/text>\n<rect x=\"278.2\" y=\"594\" width=\"246.7\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"340.4\" y=\"594\" width=\"122.3\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"626\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Perm. Mold Casting<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"615\" width=\"185.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"615\" width=\"62.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"647\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Investment Casting<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"636\" width=\"247.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"636\" width=\"62.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"668\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Extruding<\/text>\n<rect x=\"340.4\" y=\"657\" width=\"308.9\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"657\" width=\"124.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"689\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Cold Rolling, Drawing<\/text>\n<rect x=\"401.9\" y=\"678\" width=\"309.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"678\" width=\"124.4\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"206\" y=\"710\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\" text-anchor=\"end\">Die Casting<\/text>\n<rect x=\"462.7\" y=\"699\" width=\"186.6\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<rect x=\"524.9\" y=\"699\" width=\"62.2\" height=\"11\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<rect x=\"216\" y=\"745\" width=\"26\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1e1e2e\"\/>\n<text x=\"248\" y=\"754\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\">average application<\/text>\n<rect x=\"431\" y=\"745\" width=\"26\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#cfd6df\"\/>\n<text x=\"463\" y=\"754\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#212121\">less frequent application<\/text>\n<\/svg>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-tcap\">Roughness ranges by production method, redrawn from the source chart. Left to right runs from rough to smooth.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:820px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Process<\/th><th>Average application, Ra<\/th><th class=\"ds-text\">Less frequent application, Ra<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Flame Cutting<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">25 to 12.5 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 500 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">50 to 6.3 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">2000 to 250 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Snagging<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">25 to 6.3 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 250 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">50 to 3.2 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">2000 to 125 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Sawing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">25 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">50 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">2000 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Planing, Shaping<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">12.5 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">500 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">25 to 0.40 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 16 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Drilling<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">6.3 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">12.5 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">500 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Chemical Milling<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">6.3 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">12.5 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">500 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Elect. Discharge Mach.<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">4.5 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">180 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">12.5 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">500 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Milling<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">6.3 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">25 to 0.141 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 5.66 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Broaching<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.40 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 16 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Reaming<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.40 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 16 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Electron Beam<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">6.3 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.20 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 8 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Laser<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">6.3 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.20 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 8 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Electro-Chemical<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2 to 0.20 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 8 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">12.5 to 0.05 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">500 to 2 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Boring, Turning<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">6.3 to 0.40 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 16 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">25 to 0.025 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 1 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Barrel Finishing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.80 to 0.20 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 8 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">3.2 to 0.05 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 2 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Electrolytic Grinding<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.566 to 0.20 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">22.6 to 8 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">0.80 to 0.10 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 4 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Roller Burnishing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.40 to 0.20 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">16 to 8 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">0.80 to 0.10 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 4 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Grinding<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1.6 to 0.10 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">63 to 4 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.025 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 1 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Honing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.80 to 0.10 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 4 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">1.6 to 0.025 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">63 to 1 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Electro-Polish<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.80 to 0.10 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 4 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">1.6 to 0.012 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">63 to 0.5 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Polishing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.40 to 0.10 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">16 to 4 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">0.80 to 0.012 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 0.5 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Lapping<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.40 to 0.05 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">16 to 2 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">0.80 to 0.012 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 0.5 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Superfinishing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.20 to 0.025 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">8 to 1 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">0.80 to 0.012 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">32 to 0.5 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Sand Casting<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">25 to 12.5 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 500 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">50 to 6.3 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">2000 to 250 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Hot Rolling<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">25 to 12.5 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 500 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">50 to 6.3 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">2000 to 250 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Forging<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">12.5 to 3.2 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">500 to 125 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">25 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">1000 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Perm. Mold Casting<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Investment Casting<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2 to 1.6 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 63 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.40 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 16 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Extruding<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">12.5 to 0.40 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">500 to 16 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Cold Rolling, Drawing<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">6.3 to 0.20 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">250 to 8 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-safe\">Die Casting<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1.6 to 0.80 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">63 to 32 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ds-text\">3.2 to 0.40 &micro;m<div class=\"ts-sub\">125 to 16 &micro;in<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Roughness grades N1 to N12\n          <span>Older drawings and specifications call out the grade number instead of an Ra value. The grade numbers run the other way round to Ra, the higher the number the rougher the surface. Source, Table 4.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:420px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Grade<\/th><th>Ra, &micro;m<\/th><th>Ra, &micro;in<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N12<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">50<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N11<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">25<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1000<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N10<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">12.5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">500<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N9<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">6.3<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">250<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N8<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">3.2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">125<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N7<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1.6<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">63<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N6<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.80<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">32<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.40<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">16<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N4<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.20<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">8<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N3<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.10<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">4<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N2<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.05<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-grade\">N1<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.025<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Preferred Ra values to specify\n          <span>The standard series of Ra values (ISO 1302 and the equivalent national standards). The values marked (a) are the recommended ones, and specifying a value from this series keeps the part measurable with standard roughness specimens. Source, Table 3.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:900px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Preferred series of Ra values, &micro;m (top) and &micro;in (bottom)<\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><th><\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">0.012<div class=\"ts-sub\">0.5<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">0.025 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">1<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">0.050 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">2<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.075<div class=\"ts-sub\">3<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">0.10 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">4<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.125<div class=\"ts-sub\">5<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.15<div class=\"ts-sub\">6<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">0.20 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">8<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.25<div class=\"ts-sub\">10<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.32<div class=\"ts-sub\">13<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">0.40 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">16<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.50<div class=\"ts-sub\">20<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.63<div class=\"ts-sub\">25<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">0.80 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">32<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1.00<div class=\"ts-sub\">40<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1.25<div class=\"ts-sub\">50<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">1.60 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">63<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2.0<div class=\"ts-sub\">80<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">2.5<div class=\"ts-sub\">100<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">3.2 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">125<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">4.0<div class=\"ts-sub\">160<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">5.0<div class=\"ts-sub\">200<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">6.3 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">250<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">8.0<div class=\"ts-sub\">320<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">10.0<div class=\"ts-sub\">400<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">12.5 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">500<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">15<div class=\"ts-sub\">600<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">20<div class=\"ts-sub\">800<\/div><\/td><td class=\"ts-num ts-rec\">25 <sup>(a)<\/sup><div class=\"ts-sub\">1000<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-tcap\">(a) Recommended values.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ts-sec\">Cutoff, the roughness sampling length\n          <span>The cutoff is the length over which the instrument samples the profile. Where the drawing does not state one, the 0.80 mm (0.030 in.) value applies. Source, Table 2.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-table-wrap\"><table class=\"ts-table\" style=\"min-width:360px;\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr><th>Cutoff, mm<\/th><th>Cutoff, in.<\/th><\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">0.08<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.003<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">0.25<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.010<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">0.80<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.030<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">2.5<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.1<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">8.0<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">0.3<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td class=\"ts-num\">25.0<\/td><td class=\"ts-num\">1.0<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <ul class=\"ts-notes-list\">\n          <li>Ra is quoted in micrometres and microinches throughout, the two rows of the source chart.<\/li>\n          <li>A surface machined by one process is often improved by a finishing process later in the chain, turned and then ground and then honed. Read the chart left to right for the processes that follow.<\/li>\n          <li>The ranges are general shop values. The finish a cut actually leaves depends on the material, the tool or wheel, the rigidity of the setup and the feed used.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <div class=\"ts-disclaimer\">\n          <h3>Reading the chart<\/h3>\n          <p>The process rows run from the roughest finishes at the top to the smoothest at the bottom, and the scale runs from Ra 50 &micro;m at the left down to 0.012 &micro;m at the right. A grey bar that extends past a value means the process can reach that roughness under favourable conditions, and the dark section is where the process usually sits. When a drawing calls for a finish, check that the process named for the last operation on the part can hold it. A milled surface is usually quoted at Ra 3.2 to 0.80 &micro;m, which is why grinding or lapping follows where the drawing is tighter than that.<\/p>\n          <p>How fast the steel can be machined, and with which tool, is covered in the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-machinability-rating-chart\/\">machinability rating chart<\/a> and in the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-cutting-speeds-and-feeds\/\">cutting speeds and feeds for tool steels<\/a>. Surface treatments that add a layer rather than cut one are a different subject, on the <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/blog\/tool-steel-surface-treatment\/\">surface treatment page<\/a>.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ts-rel\">\n          <h3>Related reference pages<\/h3>\n          <p><a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-machining-allowance-chart\/\">Machining allowance chart<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steel-properties-chart\/\">Tool steel properties chart<\/a><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"ts-source\">Source: Machinery&#8217;s Handbook 28th Edition (Industrial Press), Surface Texture section: Table 1 (roughness produced by common production methods), Table 2 (standard cutoff values), Table 3 (preferred series of Ra values), Table 4 (roughness grades). The chart is redrawn from the source. Values are converted between micrometres and microinches at 1 &micro;m = 39.37 &micro;in (0.0254 &micro;m = 1 &micro;in).<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tool Steel Reference Data Surface Roughness Chart The Ra finish each production method leaves on steel, from flame cutting and sawing down to lapping and superfinishing. Every row shows the range that is routinely produced and the wider range that can still occur, in micrometers and microinches, with the roughness grade numbers and the cut-off [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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