{"id":15241,"date":"2026-05-12T07:57:40","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T23:57:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=15241"},"modified":"2026-05-12T07:57:41","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T23:57:41","slug":"tool-steel-material-finder","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-steel-material-finder\/","title":{"rendered":"Tool Steel Material Finder by Application | Aobo Steel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"aobo-app-finder\" id=\"aobo-app-finder\">\n  <style>\n    .aobo-app-finder {\n      --aobo-blue: #0c56d0;\n      --aobo-blue-dark: #0b2f66;\n      --aobo-blue-soft: #eaf3ff;\n      --aobo-border: #cfe0f5;\n      --aobo-text: #26384d;\n      --aobo-muted: #66788f;\n      --aobo-orange: #f59e0b;\n      --aobo-bg: #f2f7ff;\n      font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--aobo-text);\n      background: var(--aobo-bg);\n      padding: 42px 18px;\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n\n    .aobo-app-finder * {\n      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The finder will show suitable Aobo Steel grades, practical alternatives, and the main selection logic behind each recommendation.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"aobo-quick-stats\" aria-label=\"grade groups covered by this finder\">\n          <div class=\"aobo-stat\"><strong>Cold Work<\/strong><span>D2, D3, D6, A2, O1, O2, DC53 and GB equivalents.<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"aobo-stat\"><strong>Hot Work<\/strong><span>H10, H11, H13, H21, L6 and Chinese hot-work grades.<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"aobo-stat\"><strong>HSS<\/strong><span>M2, M35 and M42 for cutting, drilling, milling and severe machining.<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"aobo-stat\"><strong>Mold &#038; Bearing<\/strong><span>P20, P20+Ni, 52100 and GCr15 for mold and wear applications.<\/span><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"aobo-tool-area\">\n        <div class=\"aobo-control-card\">\n          <label class=\"aobo-label\" for=\"aoboApplicationSelect\">Choose an application<\/label>\n          <div class=\"aobo-select-row\">\n            <select class=\"aobo-select\" id=\"aoboApplicationSelect\">\n              <option value=\"\">Select an application&#8230;<\/option>\n            <\/select>\n            <button class=\"aobo-reset\" type=\"button\" id=\"aoboResetBtn\">Reset<\/button>\n          <\/div>\n          <p class=\"aobo-helper\">This is a first-stage material selection guide. Final grade selection should still consider tool size, working temperature, impact load, wear mode, machining allowance and heat treatment control.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"aobo-result\" id=\"aoboResult\">\n          <div class=\"aobo-placeholder\">\n            Use the dropdown above to find suitable grades by application. The result will separate primary materials, replacement options, and caution notes.\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"aobo-cta\">\n          <div>\n            <h3>Need bulk tool steel supply for a specific application?<\/h3>\n            <p>Aobo Steel supplies tool steel and alloy steel in annealed or soft condition for distributors, stockists and industrial projects. Share the grade, size, quantity, tolerance and destination to receive a practical supply suggestion.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"aobo-cta-actions\">\n            <a class=\"aobo-btn aobo-btn-primary\" href=\"mailto:sales@aobosteel.com\">Email sales@aobosteel.com<\/a>\n            <a class=\"aobo-btn aobo-btn-secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/tool-steels\/\">View Tool Steel Products<\/a>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"aobo-all-grades\">\n          <h3>Grades included in this finder<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"aobo-chip-list\" id=\"aoboGradeChips\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"aobo-source\">Data basis: organized from Aobo Steel grade application notes. Aobo Steel supplies material; final hardening, tempering, nitriding, coating or other service heat treatment should be confirmed according to the actual tool design and working condition.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <script>\n    (function () {\n      const applications = [\n        {\n          id: \"cold-stamping-blanking\",\n          category: \"Cold work dies\",\n          label: \"Cold stamping, blanking and piercing dies\",\n          summary: \"For sheet-metal press tools where wear resistance, compressive strength and dimensional stability are the main requirements.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Long-run wear\", reason: \"Suitable for long-run blanking, stamping, piercing and trimming dies where abrasion resistance is the main failure control.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"GB workhorse\", reason: \"A practical Chinese standard choice for precision blanking, silicon steel punching, trimming and high-volume cold-work dies.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Balanced choice\", reason: \"Better toughness than high-carbon D-series grades, useful when the die needs wear resistance but cannot be too brittle.\" },\n            { grade: \"DC53\", tag: \"Chipping control\", reason: \"A stronger upgrade candidate when D2-type tooling chips or cracks under repeated stamping load.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"O1 | 1.2510 | SKS3\", tag: \"Short-medium run\", reason: \"Good for smaller or less demanding press tools where easy heat treatment and machinability matter.\" },\n            { grade: \"O2 | 1.2842\", tag: \"Stable oil-hardening\", reason: \"Useful for forming, blanking and trimming tools needing low distortion during hardening.\" },\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"High-speed blanking\", reason: \"Consider for high-volume blanking or shearing of steel sheet, stainless steel or high-carbon steel.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12Mo1V1\", tag: \"D2 equivalent\", reason: \"Chinese equivalent of D2\/1.2379\/SKD11 for high-wear cold-work tooling.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"D3, D6 and Cr12 can be used for very high abrasion, but they are less forgiving under shock load. For impact-heavy dies, use S7, S1, L6 or 6CrW2Si instead.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"deep-drawing-forming\",\n          category: \"Cold work dies\",\n          label: \"Deep drawing, forming, bending and coining dies\",\n          summary: \"For cold forming tools where the steel must resist wear while keeping enough toughness to avoid cracking at radii and corners.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"General forming\", reason: \"A strong balanced grade for forming, bending, coining and drawing dies where both wear and toughness matter.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Complex cold dies\", reason: \"Good for large-section and complex cold-work dies requiring wear resistance and dimensional stability.\" },\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Wear priority\", reason: \"Suitable when the main failure is abrasive wear rather than cracking or impact fracture.\" },\n            { grade: \"DC53\", tag: \"D2 upgrade\", reason: \"A better candidate when D2-level wear resistance is needed but chipping risk is higher.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"O1 | 1.2510 | SKS3\", tag: \"Simple tooling\", reason: \"Useful for short- to medium-run forming and bending dies with moderate wear demand.\" },\n            { grade: \"O2 | 1.2842\", tag: \"Low distortion\", reason: \"Suitable for forming, blanking, trimming and flanging dies needing stable size after hardening.\" },\n            { grade: \"D3 | 1.2080 | SKD1\", tag: \"Pure abrasion\", reason: \"Use where pressure is gradual and impact is low.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Tough forming\", reason: \"Consider where impact and fracture resistance are more important than maximum abrasion resistance.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For severe impact, avoid selecting only by hardness. Toughness often decides die life.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"cold-heading-extrusion\",\n          category: \"Cold work dies\",\n          label: \"Cold heading, cold extrusion and cold punches\",\n          summary: \"For cold tools exposed to high compressive stress, sliding wear and repeated impact during heading or extrusion.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Wear-resistant\", reason: \"Used for cold heading dies, cold extrusion dies and pressure machine punches when abrasion is strong.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Heavy cold work\", reason: \"Good for heavy-duty cold extrusion dies, cold-heading dies and bolt or nut forming punches.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Tougher alternative\", reason: \"Useful when D-series grades are too brittle for the tooling load.\" },\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"High compressive strength\", reason: \"A premium option for cold extrusion punches, die inserts, swaging dies and forming rolls.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Impact resistance\", reason: \"Use where cold punches fail by chipping, shock fracture or breakage.\" },\n            { grade: \"S1 | 1.2550\", tag: \"Severe shock\", reason: \"Strong candidate for intricate cold-heading tools where cracking risk is high.\" },\n            { grade: \"6CrW2Si\", tag: \"Heavy-duty GB\", reason: \"Useful for cold-heading punches and heavy cold-pressing dies under high load.\" },\n            { grade: \"M42 | 1.3247 | SKH59\", tag: \"Extreme wear\", reason: \"Consider for special cold-forging, thread rolling or deep-drawing tools needing very high hardness and compressive strength.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"Cold heading tools often fail from a mix of compression, friction and impact. A harder steel is not always the safer steel.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"thread-rolling\",\n          category: \"Rolling and threading\",\n          label: \"Thread rolling dies and thread rolling rolls\",\n          summary: \"For flat or circular thread rolling tools exposed to continuous sliding friction and high surface pressure.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Long service life\", reason: \"A common high-wear choice for thread rolling dies and thread rolling rolls.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"High-friction work\", reason: \"Widely used for flat thread rolling boards and circular thread rolling wheels.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Stable and tough\", reason: \"Suitable for flat and circular thread rolling dies, especially when ground after hardening.\" },\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"High-performance\", reason: \"Good for thread rolling dies needing stronger wear resistance and compressive strength.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"D3 | 1.2080 | SKD1\", tag: \"Low impact\", reason: \"Good when wear is severe and sudden shock is limited.\" },\n            { grade: \"D6 | 1.2436 | SKD2\", tag: \"Severe sliding wear\", reason: \"Useful where high-carbide abrasion resistance is the priority.\" },\n            { grade: \"9SiCr\", tag: \"Low-alloy option\", reason: \"Used for thread rolling dies and flat thread rolling boards in lower-speed applications.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"Cost-effective\", reason: \"Can be used for thread rolling dies and small wear-resistant rolling components.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"If the thread rolling die chips at the edge, consider moving from D3 or D6 toward A2, DC53 or S7 depending on the load.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"shear-blades-slitter-knives\",\n          category: \"Cutting and shearing\",\n          label: \"Cold shear blades, slitter knives and cutting blades\",\n          summary: \"For cutting tools where edge retention, chipping resistance and stock thickness must be balanced.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Edge wear\", reason: \"A standard choice for shear knives, slitter knives, cold shear blades and cutting templates.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Light-medium gauge\", reason: \"Useful for cold shear blades, slitter knives, chipper knives and rotary knives with better toughness than D2.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Cold cutting\", reason: \"Suitable for cold shear blades, slitter knives, cold-cutting scissors and circular saw blades.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Heavy stock\", reason: \"Better where cold shears must cut thick or heavy stock without fracture.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Shock load\", reason: \"Good for shear blades and cutters that see impact or sudden loading.\" },\n            { grade: \"S1 | 1.2550\", tag: \"Heavy cold shear\", reason: \"Strong choice for cold shearing of heavy plates and billets.\" },\n            { grade: \"D3 | 1.2080 | SKD1\", tag: \"Heavy wear\", reason: \"Useful for heavy-duty slitter knives and shear blades where edge wear dominates.\" },\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"Cutting performance\", reason: \"Consider for demanding knives, saws and high-wear cutting edges.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For thick plate shearing, fracture resistance is often more important than maximum wear resistance.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"wire-drawing\",\n          category: \"Drawing tools\",\n          label: \"Wire drawing dies and tube drawing dies\",\n          summary: \"For tools exposed to continuous sliding friction, abrasive wear and high surface pressure.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D3 | 1.2080 | SKD1\", tag: \"Classic choice\", reason: \"Explicitly suitable for wire drawing dies because of strong resistance to continuous sliding friction.\" },\n            { grade: \"D6 | 1.2436 | SKD2\", tag: \"Severe abrasion\", reason: \"Good for drawing dies and wire drawing dies where pure abrasion is the main failure mode.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12\", tag: \"Traditional high-wear\", reason: \"Used for wire drawing dies and cold extrusion matrices under low impact.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"Wear and seizing control\", reason: \"Used for cold-drawing dies, including seamless steel tube drawing tools when surface treated.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Dimensional stability\", reason: \"Useful for drawing dies requiring wear resistance and heat-treatment stability.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Tougher Cr12 series\", reason: \"Better than Cr12 where higher toughness and larger sections are required.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12Mo1V1\", tag: \"D2-type GB\", reason: \"Good for high-wear drawing and cold-work tooling.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"If drawing dies crack, move away from maximum-carbide grades and review radius, lubrication and heat treatment.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"precision-gauges\",\n          category: \"Precision tooling\",\n          label: \"Precision gauges, plug gauges and measuring tools\",\n          summary: \"For tools requiring wear resistance and very small dimensional movement after heat treatment.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Nondeforming\", reason: \"Used for precision gauges, ring and plug gauges, squares, straight edges and micrometer anvils.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Stable air-hardening\", reason: \"Excellent for solid gauges, plug gauges, ring gauges, templates and master hubs.\" },\n            { grade: \"O1 | 1.2510 | SKS3\", tag: \"Oil-hardening\", reason: \"Good for thread gauges, plug gauges, ring gauges, snap gauges and engraving tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"O2 | 1.2842\", tag: \"Low distortion\", reason: \"Suitable for plug, ring and fixed snap gauges, squares, templates and micrometer anvils.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"High hardness\", reason: \"Used for gauge blocks, plug gauges, thread ring gauges and measuring gears.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Micro-deformation\", reason: \"Good for precision measuring tools and standard tools requiring long service life.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12Mo1V1\", tag: \"High stability\", reason: \"Good for precision gauges and instruments requiring strict tolerance.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For precision tools, heat treatment distortion and grinding allowance matter as much as final hardness.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"plastic-injection-general\",\n          category: \"Plastic molds\",\n          label: \"General plastic injection molds and mold cavities\",\n          summary: \"For ordinary thermoplastic injection molds where machinability, polishability and dimensional stability are important.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"P20 | 1.2311\", tag: \"Standard mold steel\", reason: \"The standard choice for general plastic injection molds, blow molds and extrusion molds supplied in pre-hardened condition.\" },\n            { grade: \"P20+Ni | 1.2738\", tag: \"Large molds\", reason: \"Better for large or deep mold blocks where uniform hardness through thick sections is required.\" },\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Tough mold steel\", reason: \"Useful for plastic injection, compression and transfer molds requiring higher strength and toughness.\" },\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Shock-resistant molds\", reason: \"Good for automatic molding operations or molds exposed to mechanical shock.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Wear-resistant inserts\", reason: \"Can be used for plastic molds requiring dimensional stability and wear resistance.\" },\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Abrasive plastics\", reason: \"Useful for thermosetting resin molds or inserts exposed to abrasive material.\" },\n            { grade: \"O2 | 1.2842\", tag: \"Small mold inserts\", reason: \"Adaptable for plastic molds where machinability and surface stability are useful.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For ordinary injection molds, P20 or P20+Ni is usually more practical than fully hardened cold-work die steel.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"large-plastic-molds\",\n          category: \"Plastic molds\",\n          label: \"Large automotive, appliance and deep plastic molds\",\n          summary: \"For large mold blocks where uniform hardness, machinability, repairability and stable cavity machining are the main concerns.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"P20+Ni | 1.2738\", tag: \"Large mold blocks\", reason: \"The preferred choice for large automotive bumpers, dashboards, appliance housings and deep mold blocks.\" },\n            { grade: \"P20 | 1.2311\", tag: \"Medium molds\", reason: \"Practical for general mold cavities when section size is not too large.\" },\n            { grade: \"5CrNiMo\", tag: \"Large tough blocks\", reason: \"Can be used for large plastic injection molds and complex mold components needing uniform hardness and toughness.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Large sections\", reason: \"Useful where deep hardenability and fracture resistance in large blocks are required.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Higher strength\", reason: \"Consider when mold service includes higher strength demand, thermal load or tougher service conditions.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV1\", tag: \"H13 equivalent\", reason: \"Chinese equivalent for high-strength hot-work and mold applications.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"Standard P20 can have hardenability limits in massive molds. For deep sections, P20+Ni or 1.2738 is safer.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"high-polish-transparent-molds\",\n          category: \"Plastic molds\",\n          label: \"High-polish, textured or transparent plastic molds\",\n          summary: \"For mold surfaces requiring better polishability, cosmetic surface finish or stable etching response.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"P20+Ni | 1.2738\", tag: \"Polish and texture\", reason: \"Good for aesthetic plastic parts, photo-etched textures and moderately demanding transparent or translucent parts.\" },\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"ESR option\", reason: \"High-purity ESR H13 is used where high surface polishability is required.\" },\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Clear plastics\", reason: \"Can reach high hardness with excellent polishability for clear plastic mold applications.\" },\n            { grade: \"P20 | 1.2311\", tag: \"General polish\", reason: \"Suitable for standard plastic molds requiring good machinability and polishability.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"1.2738 HH\", tag: \"Higher hardness\", reason: \"Higher-hardness 1.2738 variants can improve wear resistance and polished surface quality in smaller molds.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For optical-level molds, steel cleanliness and ESR quality may be more decisive than grade name alone.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"abrasive-molds-ceramic-refractory\",\n          category: \"Abrasive molds\",\n          label: \"Abrasive plastics, ceramic, brick and refractory molds\",\n          summary: \"For molds processing abrasive fillers, ceramic powder, refractory material or glass-fiber reinforced plastics.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Abrasive inserts\", reason: \"Used for molds exposed to abrasive materials, ceramic or brick molds and thermosetting resin molds.\" },\n            { grade: \"D3 | 1.2080 | SKD1\", tag: \"Pure abrasion\", reason: \"Good for ceramic shaping tools, brick molds and powder forming molds under low impact.\" },\n            { grade: \"D6 | 1.2436 | SKD2\", tag: \"Severe abrasion\", reason: \"A strong high-carbide choice for ceramic shaping tools, brick molds and powder metallurgy forming molds.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Tougher Cr12 series\", reason: \"Used for thermosetting plastic molds and refractory brick-forming molds, especially with surface treatment.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"Cr12\", tag: \"High wear\", reason: \"Suitable for abrasive thermosetting plastics and ceramic pressing molds when impact is limited.\" },\n            { grade: \"P20 carburized\", tag: \"Tough core\", reason: \"Useful for compression and transfer molds needing a hard case with a tough core.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"Cost-effective wear\", reason: \"Can be used for thermosetting plastic molding dies and abrasive refractory brick molds.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For abrasive molds with impact load, do not use brittle high-carbide steels without checking toughness and heat treatment.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"zinc-lead-die-casting\",\n          category: \"Die casting\",\n          label: \"Zinc, lead and low-temperature die casting molds\",\n          summary: \"For lower-melting-point metal die casting where full H13-level hot-work performance may not always be necessary.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"P20 | 1.2311\", tag: \"Low-temperature casting\", reason: \"Suitable for short- to medium-run zinc and lead die-casting molds.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Dimensional stability\", reason: \"Can be used for die-casting dies for lower-melting-point metals like zinc and lead.\" },\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Higher duty\", reason: \"Use when thermal fatigue, erosion and service temperature are more demanding.\" },\n            { grade: \"5CrNiMo\", tag: \"Less demanding molds\", reason: \"Can be used for die-casting molds and hot-pressing dies for non-ferrous metals under controlled temperature.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Abrasive mold parts\", reason: \"May be used for die-casting molds or inserts when wear resistance is prioritized.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Thermal shock\", reason: \"Useful for general die-casting dies, inserts and cores where toughness and thermal shock resistance are important.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For aluminum or magnesium die casting, move toward H13 or H11 rather than P20.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"aluminum-magnesium-die-casting\",\n          category: \"Die casting\",\n          label: \"Aluminum, magnesium and zinc die casting dies\",\n          summary: \"For die casting dies, inserts, cores, plungers, slides, shot sleeves, nozzles and ejector pins exposed to heat checking and molten-metal erosion.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Industry standard\", reason: \"The standard material for aluminum, magnesium and zinc die-casting dies and components.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV1\", tag: \"H13 equivalent\", reason: \"Chinese equivalent of H13 for die cavities, cores and inserts requiring thermal fatigue resistance.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Thermal shock\", reason: \"A strong choice for die-casting dies, inserts and cores where toughness and thermal shock resistance are critical.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV\", tag: \"H11 equivalent\", reason: \"Chinese H11-type hot-work grade for aluminum alloy die-casting molds and hot-work tooling.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"H10 | 1.2365 | SKD7\", tag: \"Chromium hot-work\", reason: \"Useful in hot forming, extrusion and casting-related tooling.\" },\n            { grade: \"5CrNiMo\", tag: \"Lower demand\", reason: \"Can be used for non-ferrous die-casting molds where surface temperature remains controlled.\" },\n            { grade: \"P20 | 1.2311\", tag: \"Zinc or lead only\", reason: \"Consider for low-temperature zinc or lead casting, not severe aluminum die casting.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For severe aluminum die casting, heat checking and washing resistance usually decide grade choice. H13-type steels are the safer starting point.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"brass-copper-die-casting\",\n          category: \"Die casting\",\n          label: \"Brass, copper and high-temperature die casting dies\",\n          summary: \"For die casting applications with higher pouring temperature and stronger thermal softening demand than aluminum or zinc casting.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"H21 | 1.2581 | SKD5\", tag: \"High heat\", reason: \"A tungsten hot-work steel for brass and copper-base alloy die-casting dies, inserts, cores, plungers and ejector pins.\" },\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"General hot-work\", reason: \"Useful where a balance of toughness, heat checking resistance and wear resistance is required.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Toughness\", reason: \"Consider where thermal shock and mechanical shock are stronger concerns.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV1\", tag: \"H13 equivalent\", reason: \"Chinese H13-type grade for high-temperature die casting and hot-work service.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"H10 | 1.2365 | SKD7\", tag: \"Moderate heat\", reason: \"Can be used for hot-work tooling under less severe conditions than tungsten hot-work steels.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"H21 resists heat and softening well, but it is less tolerant of thermal shock. Preheating and avoiding aggressive water cooling are important.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"hot-extrusion\",\n          category: \"Hot work tooling\",\n          label: \"Hot extrusion dies, mandrels, dummy blocks and liners\",\n          summary: \"For hot extrusion of aluminum, magnesium, brass, copper alloys, steel and high-temperature alloys.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Light metals\", reason: \"Widely used for aluminum and magnesium extrusion dies, mandrels, dummy blocks, press liners and rams.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Tough extrusion\", reason: \"Used for aluminum, magnesium, brass and steel extrusion tooling including dies, mandrels and liners.\" },\n            { grade: \"H21 | 1.2581 | SKD5\", tag: \"Brass and copper\", reason: \"A strong candidate for hot extrusion of brass, copper alloys, steel and refractory metals.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV1\", tag: \"H13 equivalent\", reason: \"Chinese H13-type grade for solid extrusion dies, die holders, mandrels and liners.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"H10 | 1.2365 | SKD7\", tag: \"Hot extrusion\", reason: \"Used for hot-extrusion dies and related high-temperature tooling.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV\", tag: \"H11 equivalent\", reason: \"Used for hot extrusion dies, piercing tools and mandrels, especially light metals and copper alloys.\" },\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Cold aluminum extrusion\", reason: \"Can be used for cold extrusion dies for aluminum alloys, not severe hot extrusion.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For copper or brass extrusion, H21 may be necessary. For aluminum extrusion, H13 or H11 is usually the practical starting point.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"hot-forging-forming\",\n          category: \"Hot work tooling\",\n          label: \"Hot forging, hot forming and hot heading dies\",\n          summary: \"For tooling exposed to high temperature, repeated impact, thermal fatigue and long contact with heated workpieces.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Press forging\", reason: \"Strong for hot forging dies, die inserts, hot heading dies and hot forming matrices.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Shock resistance\", reason: \"Good for forging dies, die inserts, hot heading, hot swaging and hot piercing tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"5CrNiMo\", tag: \"Hammer forging\", reason: \"A standard choice for medium, large and extra-large hammer forging dies and screw press forging dies.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Large blocks\", reason: \"Useful for large forging dies, drop-forging dies and hammer die blocks where toughness dominates.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"H21 | 1.2581 | SKD5\", tag: \"Severe heat\", reason: \"Use for severe hot-forging operations where prolonged high-temperature contact and abrasion are priority.\" },\n            { grade: \"H10 | 1.2365 | SKD7\", tag: \"Hot forming\", reason: \"Suitable for hot forging dies, forming matrices and hot-heading dies.\" },\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Moderate hot work\", reason: \"Can be used for medium hot-work dies, hot-swaging dies and hot-stamping applications.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For large hammer dies, fracture resistance and deep hardenability are often more important than the highest hot hardness.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"large-hammer-dies\",\n          category: \"Hot forging\",\n          label: \"Large hammer forging dies and massive die blocks\",\n          summary: \"For massive forging dies where impact toughness, deep hardenability and resistance to fracture are critical.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"5CrNiMo\", tag: \"Primary choice\", reason: \"A common standard for medium, large and extra-large hammer forging dies, including massive die blocks.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Nickel toughness\", reason: \"A strong choice for large forging dies and hammer die blocks because nickel improves toughness and deep hardening.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Insert option\", reason: \"Useful for hot-forging inserts where thermal shock and mechanical shock are important.\" },\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Higher heat\", reason: \"Useful when thermal fatigue and heat checking resistance are stronger requirements.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV\", tag: \"H11 equivalent\", reason: \"Can be used for forging dies and hot-work tools needing toughness and thermal fatigue resistance.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV1\", tag: \"H13 equivalent\", reason: \"Useful for hammer forging, press forging and precision forging dies.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For very large dies, check section thickness and required core hardness before selecting the grade.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"hot-shearing-punching\",\n          category: \"Hot work tooling\",\n          label: \"Hot shearing, hot punching, hot piercing and hot trimming\",\n          summary: \"For tools cutting or piercing hot metal where hot strength, shock resistance and thermal fatigue resistance are needed.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"Severe hot shear\", reason: \"Suitable for hot shear blades, hot punches, piercers and mandrels under high thermal and mechanical stress.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Tough hot work\", reason: \"Good for hot shear blades, billet shears, hot punches and hot piercing tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"H21 | 1.2581 | SKD5\", tag: \"High-temperature edge\", reason: \"Useful for heavy-duty hot shear blades, hot punching tools and hot trimming dies.\" },\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Moderate heat and impact\", reason: \"Commonly used for hot shear blades, hot punching tools and hot piercing tools.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"S1 | 1.2550\", tag: \"Shock plus heat\", reason: \"Can be used in hot punching, hot shearing, heavy hot-shear blades and hot forming tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"H10 | 1.2365 | SKD7\", tag: \"Hot punches\", reason: \"Used for hot punches and punching dies for piercing hot metals.\" },\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Hot trimming only\", reason: \"Can be used for hot trimming of forgings at lower hardness when toughness is improved.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For hot trimming, tempering and working hardness must be chosen carefully to avoid brittle edge failure.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"general-hss-cutting\",\n          category: \"High speed cutting\",\n          label: \"General drills, taps, reamers, milling cutters and broaches\",\n          summary: \"For high-speed cutting tools where red hardness, edge retention, grindability and cost must be balanced.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"Universal HSS\", reason: \"The general-purpose standard for twist drills, reamers, milling cutters, taps, broaches, hobs and saws.\" },\n            { grade: \"M35 | 1.3243 | SKH55\", tag: \"5% cobalt\", reason: \"Use when higher hot hardness and tool life are needed while keeping good grindability.\" },\n            { grade: \"M42 | 1.3247 | SKH59\", tag: \"8% cobalt\", reason: \"Use for severe machining, high cutting heat and difficult-to-cut workpieces.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"O1 | 1.2510 | SKS3\", tag: \"Low-speed tools\", reason: \"Suitable for taps, threading dies, reamers, broaches, knives and saws used at lower speeds.\" },\n            { grade: \"O2 | 1.2842\", tag: \"Low-medium speed\", reason: \"Useful for cutters, saws, threading dies and taps that do not require hot hardness.\" },\n            { grade: \"9SiCr\", tag: \"Low-speed cutting\", reason: \"Used for hand reamers, twist drills, taps, dies, circular saws and milling cutters in low-speed work.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"Do not use O-series or low-alloy steels for high-speed machining where cutting heat is high.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"difficult-alloy-machining\",\n          category: \"High speed cutting\",\n          label: \"Machining stainless steel, titanium, superalloys and hardened steel\",\n          summary: \"For cutting materials that generate high heat or strong abrasive wear at the cutting edge.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"M42 | 1.3247 | SKH59\", tag: \"Severe machining\", reason: \"Best suited for nickel-base superalloys, titanium alloys, austenitic stainless steels and heat-treated high-strength steels.\" },\n            { grade: \"M35 | 1.3243 | SKH55\", tag: \"High-performance HSS\", reason: \"Good for larger or special cutting tools requiring better hot hardness than M2.\" },\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"Economic baseline\", reason: \"Works for general cutting where material hardness and cutting heat are not extreme.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"PM M35\", tag: \"Intricate tools\", reason: \"Powder metallurgy M35 improves toughness and grindability for intricate or intermittent tools.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"M42 is not a blanket replacement for M2. Low-rigidity setups, interrupted cuts or soft materials may cause micro-chipping.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"saw-blades-knives\",\n          category: \"Cutting tools\",\n          label: \"Bandsaw blades, circular saws, paper knives and woodworking tools\",\n          summary: \"For saws and knives where edge holding, toughness, hot hardness and cost must be matched to the cutting condition.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"General saws\", reason: \"Common for circular saws, bandsaws, hacksaw blades, paper knives and woodworking tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"M42 | 1.3247 | SKH59\", tag: \"Bimetal saw teeth\", reason: \"Frequently used for high-performance bandsaw tooth tips cutting superalloys, stainless steels and heat-treated steels.\" },\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Cold knives\", reason: \"Suitable for shear knives, slitter knives, scissors and woodworking knives where wear resistance matters.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Tough woodworking\", reason: \"Used for woodworking saws and knives where toughness is important.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"O1 | 1.2510 | SKS3\", tag: \"Low-speed knives\", reason: \"Good for paper knives, woodworking knives and lower-speed cutting tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Cold cutting\", reason: \"Useful for cold-cutting scissors and circular saw blades.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For hot cutting or high-speed cutting, choose HSS grades instead of ordinary cold-work tool steels.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"bearings-rolling-contact\",\n          category: \"Bearing and rolling contact\",\n          label: \"Bearings, bearing races, balls and rollers\",\n          summary: \"For rolling-contact components requiring high hardness, wear resistance and fatigue resistance.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"52100 | 1.3505 | 100Cr6\", tag: \"Bearing standard\", reason: \"The standard material for bearing races, balls, spherical rollers, straight rollers and tapered rollers.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"GB bearing steel\", reason: \"Used for bearing rings, steel balls, tapered rollers and needle rollers.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"High-temperature bearing\", reason: \"Can be used for specialized ball and roller bearings operating at higher temperature.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15\", tag: \"Tooling crossover\", reason: \"Also used for wear-resistant precision machine parts and small rolling mill rolls.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For bearing performance, steel cleanliness and heat treatment quality are critical, not only chemical composition.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"wear-machine-parts\",\n          category: \"Machine parts\",\n          label: \"Wear-resistant bushings, spindles, shafts, cams and machine parts\",\n          summary: \"For mechanical parts requiring high wear resistance, strength, sliding contact resistance or high surface hardness.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"52100 | 1.3505 | 100Cr6\", tag: \"Wear and fatigue\", reason: \"Good for high-wear machine parts, spindles and rolling-contact components.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"Cost-effective wear\", reason: \"Used for fuel injectors, precision lead screws, machine tool shafts, spring collets and load-bearing parts.\" },\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"High wear\", reason: \"Used for guide bars, pipe clips, bushings, mandrels, knurls and lathe centers.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Balanced wear\", reason: \"Useful for bushings, drill bushings, cams, cam followers, clutch plates and pawls.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"O1 | 1.2510 | SKS3\", tag: \"General parts\", reason: \"Used for cams, bearings, arbors, spindles, collets, bushings, guides and machine ways.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Tough machine parts\", reason: \"Used for clutch parts, gears, pinions, drive shafts, ratchets, arbors and spindles.\" },\n            { grade: \"H13 nitrided\", tag: \"Surface wear\", reason: \"Nitrided H13 can be used for heavy-duty machine parts needing wear and fatigue resistance.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For structural parts, do not select only by wear resistance. Toughness, section size and heat treatment depth must be checked.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"shock-battering-tools\",\n          category: \"Shock-resisting tools\",\n          label: \"Battering tools, chisels, rivet sets and pneumatic tools\",\n          summary: \"For tools exposed to repetitive impact, shock loading and crack propagation risk.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Highest shock resistance\", reason: \"A premier choice for pneumatic tools, heavy-duty chisels, rivet sets, rivet busters, drift pins and driver bits.\" },\n            { grade: \"S1 | 1.2550\", tag: \"Tungsten chisel steel\", reason: \"Used for hand and pneumatic chisels, rivet sets, rivet busters, bolt clippers and driver bits.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Nickel toughness\", reason: \"Used for rivet sets, hand chisels, rock drills and impact-heavy hardware.\" },\n            { grade: \"6CrW2Si\", tag: \"Shock plus wear\", reason: \"Useful where heavy shock and higher wear resistance are both needed.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"5CrNiMo\", tag: \"Large impact tools\", reason: \"Can support heavy-duty cold-working and impact tooling where deep hardenability is needed.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"D2, D3, D6 and Cr12 are usually poor first choices for severe battering tools because brittleness becomes the main risk.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"heavy-plate-punching\",\n          category: \"Impact cold work\",\n          label: \"Heavy plate punching and high-impact cold work\",\n          summary: \"For punching or cold-working thick stock where ordinary wear-resistant die steels may crack or break.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"S1 | 1.2550\", tag: \"Thick plate punching\", reason: \"Recommended when punching steel plates above about 3 mm or where hole diameter approaches stock thickness.\" },\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Impact punch\", reason: \"Good for cold-extrusion, cold-heading, draw and piercing punches where breakage is the main problem.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Fracture resistance\", reason: \"Useful for brake dies, press-brake dies, cold coining dies, header punches and knockout pins.\" },\n            { grade: \"6CrW2Si\", tag: \"Heavy-duty GB\", reason: \"Useful for large and medium cold blanking dies and heavy-duty punches under high load.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Medium impact\", reason: \"Consider when wear resistance still matters but D2 is too brittle.\" },\n            { grade: \"DC53\", tag: \"Higher toughness than D2\", reason: \"Good when D2-type dies chip during stamping or cold forming.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For heavy impact cold work, a lower-wear but tougher grade can give longer actual tool life than a high-carbide grade.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"aerospace-structural\",\n          category: \"High-strength components\",\n          label: \"Aerospace, high-stress structural and turbine components\",\n          summary: \"For highly stressed parts requiring high tensile strength, toughness, fatigue resistance or elevated-temperature strength.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"Ultra-high strength\", reason: \"Used for landing gear components, airframe parts, rocket motor cases and helicopter rotor shafts.\" },\n            { grade: \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\", tag: \"High-stress components\", reason: \"Used for critical structural applications and highly stressed aerospace components.\" },\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Fracture toughness\", reason: \"Used for landing gear components, helicopter rotors and other highly stressed components.\" },\n            { grade: \"4Cr5MoSiV\", tag: \"Hot structural\", reason: \"Used for aircraft, rocket and turbine components operating at moderately elevated temperature.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"52100 | 1.3505 | 100Cr6\", tag: \"Bearing components\", reason: \"Used where rolling-contact fatigue and bearing performance are needed.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Tough machine parts\", reason: \"Useful for gears, shafts and heavy-duty machine elements requiring toughness.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"Structural applications require engineering approval. Do not treat tooling recommendations as a finished-part design specification.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"springs-flexing\",\n          category: \"Flexing components\",\n          label: \"Springs, torsion bars and repeated flexing components\",\n          summary: \"For parts exposed to repeated flexing, high tensile stress and fatigue loading.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"S7 | 1.2355\", tag: \"Flex and torsion\", reason: \"Used for torsion bars, leaf springs, reed springs and split collets.\" },\n            { grade: \"S1 | 1.2550\", tag: \"Shock-resisting family\", reason: \"Shock-resisting steels were historically developed for spring applications where fatigue resistance is important.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", tag: \"High tensile strength\", reason: \"Used for torsion bars, leaf springs, reed springs and split collets in high-strength conditions.\" },\n            { grade: \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", tag: \"Tough flexing parts\", reason: \"Useful where impact toughness and fatigue resistance are required.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"Elastic limit\", reason: \"Can be used for spring collets and small high-load mechanical parts.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"Spring and fatigue parts depend heavily on design stress, heat treatment and surface quality.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"cold-work-rolls\",\n          category: \"Rolls and rollers\",\n          label: \"Cold work rolls, forming rolls and straightening rollers\",\n          summary: \"For cylindrical tools under continuous contact, compressive stress and sliding or rolling wear.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"Thin-gauge roll forming\", reason: \"Used for forming rolls, shaping rollers, straightening rollers, engraving rollers and cold mill rollers.\" },\n            { grade: \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\", tag: \"Balanced rolls\", reason: \"Used for cold-working rolls, work rolls, backup rolls, forming rolls and straightening rollers.\" },\n            { grade: \"D6 | 1.2436 | SKD2\", tag: \"High abrasion\", reason: \"Used for straightening rollers, forming rolls and thread rolling dies.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Cold rolling tooling\", reason: \"Good for high-wear cold-work rolling and forming tools.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"9SiCr\", tag: \"Low-alloy roll option\", reason: \"Used for cold-rolling mill rolls and straightening rolls.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"Small rolls\", reason: \"Used for small rolling mill rolls and wear-resistant rollers.\" },\n            { grade: \"H11 or H13\", tag: \"Hot rolls\", reason: \"Use H11 or H13-type steels for hot rolling, short runs or elevated-temperature rolls.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For roll forming, contact stress, strip material and regrinding plan should be checked with the grade choice.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"powder-pressing-molds\",\n          category: \"Powder and pressing molds\",\n          label: \"Powder metallurgy pressing molds and powder forming tools\",\n          summary: \"For powder compaction tools where abrasive powder and high compressive stress cause rapid wear.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"D3 | 1.2080 | SKD1\", tag: \"Abrasive powder\", reason: \"Used for powder forming molds where massive carbides resist abrasion.\" },\n            { grade: \"D6 | 1.2436 | SKD2\", tag: \"High abrasion\", reason: \"Recommended for powder metallurgy forming molds and abrasive shaping tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"Cr12MoV\", tag: \"Wear and toughness\", reason: \"Good for powder and refractory pressing molds requiring better toughness than Cr12.\" },\n            { grade: \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", tag: \"Pressing molds\", reason: \"Used for powder metallurgy pressing molds and highly abrasive refractory brick molds.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"S1 | 1.2550\", tag: \"Impact pressing\", reason: \"Can be used for some powder-pressing molds where shock resistance is useful.\" },\n            { grade: \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", tag: \"General high-wear\", reason: \"Useful for molds exposed to abrasive powder or filler materials.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For abrasive powder tools, surface treatment, polishing and lubrication can strongly affect die life.\"\n        },\n        {\n          id: \"mim-wear-parts\",\n          category: \"Special wear parts\",\n          label: \"Metal injection molding wear parts and precision cutting bits\",\n          summary: \"For complex medium- to high-volume wear parts requiring high hardness and precision geometry.\",\n          primary: [\n            { grade: \"M42 | 1.3247 | SKH59\", tag: \"MIM powder\", reason: \"M42 powder can be used in powder injection molding for precision cutting bits, crimping jaws and complex wear parts.\" },\n            { grade: \"M35 | 1.3243 | SKH55\", tag: \"PM option\", reason: \"Powder metallurgy M35 improves carbide uniformity, toughness and grindability for intricate tools.\" },\n            { grade: \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", tag: \"HSS baseline\", reason: \"Useful for high-wear precision tooling when M42-level hot hardness is not required.\" }\n          ],\n          alternatives: [\n            { grade: \"52100 | 1.3505 | 100Cr6\", tag: \"Wear components\", reason: \"Consider for high-wear machine parts when rolling-contact or sliding wear resistance is required.\" }\n          ],\n          caution: \"For MIM or powder routes, powder specification and manufacturing process are as important as the grade name.\"\n        }\n      ];\n\n      const allGrades = [\n        \"D2 | 1.2379 | SKD11\", \"D3 | 1.2080 | SKD1\", \"D6 | 1.2436 | SKD2\", \"A2 | 1.2363 | SKD12\",\n        \"O1 | 1.2510 | SKS3\", \"O2 | 1.2842\", \"S1 | 1.2550\", \"S7 | 1.2355\", \"DC53\",\n        \"52100 | 1.3505 | 100Cr6\", \"H10 | 1.2365 | SKD7\", \"H11 | 1.2343 | SKD6\", \"H13 | 1.2344 | SKD61\",\n        \"H21 | 1.2581 | SKD5\", \"L6 | 1.2714 | SKT4\", \"M2 | 1.3343 | SKH51\", \"M35 | 1.3243 | SKH55\", \"M42 | 1.3247 | SKH59\",\n        \"P20 | 1.2311\", \"P20+Ni | 1.2738\", \"Cr12\", \"Cr12MoV\", \"9SiCr\", \"Cr12Mo1V1\", \"Cr5Mo1V\", \"6CrW2Si\",\n        \"GCr15 | 52100 | 1.3505\", \"4Cr5MoSiV1\", \"4Cr5MoSiV\", \"5CrNiMo\"\n      ];\n\n      const select = document.getElementById(\"aoboApplicationSelect\");\n      const result = document.getElementById(\"aoboResult\");\n      const resetBtn = document.getElementById(\"aoboResetBtn\");\n      const chipBox = document.getElementById(\"aoboGradeChips\");\n\n      applications.forEach((item) => {\n        const option = document.createElement(\"option\");\n        option.value = item.id;\n        option.textContent = item.category + \" - \" + item.label;\n        select.appendChild(option);\n      });\n\n      allGrades.forEach((grade) => {\n        const chip = document.createElement(\"span\");\n        chip.className = \"aobo-chip\";\n        chip.textContent = grade;\n        chipBox.appendChild(chip);\n      });\n\n      function renderGradeList(title, items) {\n        if (!items || items.length === 0) return \"\";\n        return `\n          <div class=\"aobo-card\">\n            <h3>${title}<\/h3>\n            ${items.map(item => `\n              <div class=\"aobo-grade-item\">\n                <div class=\"aobo-grade-name\">${item.grade}<span class=\"aobo-badge\">${item.tag}<\/span><\/div>\n                <p>${item.reason}<\/p>\n              <\/div>\n            `).join(\"\")}\n          <\/div>\n        `;\n      }\n\n      function render(item) {\n        const gradeCount = (item.primary ? item.primary.length : 0) + (item.alternatives ? item.alternatives.length : 0);\n        result.innerHTML = `\n          <div class=\"aobo-result-head\">\n            <div>\n              <div class=\"aobo-category\">${item.category}<\/div>\n              <h2>${item.label}<\/h2>\n              <p>${item.summary}<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"aobo-grade-count\"><strong>${gradeCount}<\/strong><span>grade options<\/span><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"aobo-card-grid\">\n            ${renderGradeList(\"Primary recommended grades\", item.primary)}\n            ${renderGradeList(\"Alternative grades and replacement logic\", item.alternatives)}\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"aobo-note-card\">\n            <h3>Selection note<\/h3>\n            <p>${item.caution}<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        `;\n      }\n\n      select.addEventListener(\"change\", function () {\n        const selected = applications.find(item => item.id === this.value);\n        if (selected) {\n          render(selected);\n        }\n      });\n\n      resetBtn.addEventListener(\"click\", function () {\n        select.value = \"\";\n        result.innerHTML = `\n          <div class=\"aobo-placeholder\">\n            Use the dropdown above to find suitable grades by application. The result will separate primary materials, replacement options, and caution notes.\n          <\/div>\n        `;\n      });\n    })();\n  <\/script>\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Application-Based Tool Steel Selection Tool Steel Application Material Finder Select the tooling application first. The finder will show suitable Aobo Steel grades, practical alternatives, and the main selection logic behind each recommendation. Cold WorkD2, D3, D6, A2, O1, O2, DC53 and GB equivalents. Hot WorkH10, H11, H13, H21, L6 and Chinese hot-work grades. HSSM2, M35 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"content-type":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15241","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tool Steel Material Finder by Application | Aobo Steel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Find recommended tool steel grades by application, including stamping dies, shear blades, plastic molds, extrusion tooling, punches, rolls, and wear-resistant components. 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