{"id":12849,"date":"2026-02-04T22:11:29","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T14:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/?page_id=12849"},"modified":"2026-10-21T10:55:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T02:55:33","slug":"quench-cracking-tool-steel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/quench-cracking-tool-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Agrietamiento por temple en acero para herramientas: causas, prevenci\u00f3n y soluciones"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 id=\"h-quench-cracking-in-tool-steel-mechanisms-identification-and-prevention\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\">Agrietamiento por temple en acero para herramientas: mecanismos, identificaci\u00f3n y prevenci\u00f3n<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-quench-cracking\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el agrietamiento por temple?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El agrietamiento por temple es una falla que ocurre durante o poco despu\u00e9s del temple. Las grietas t\u00edpicamente se inician en la superficie y se propagan hacia el interior a lo largo de trayectorias longitudinales o radiales. Una vez formadas, el componente no puede recuperarse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-why-quench-cracking-occurs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por qu\u00e9 ocurre el agrietamiento por temple<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El agrietamiento por temple ocurre cuando <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/h13-quenching-cooling-rates\/\">internas <\/a>las tensiones generadas durante el enfriamiento y la transformaci\u00f3n superan la resistencia a la tracci\u00f3n de la estructura endurecida. La fractura resultante se interpreta igual que cualquier otra, y las marcas que datan una grieta en el temple se muestran en la <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/fracture-surface-features-chart\/\">tabla de caracter\u00edsticas de la superficie de fractura<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Durante el temple, la superficie se enfr\u00eda y contrae primero mientras el n\u00facleo permanece caliente, creando un gradiente de temperatura que introduce tensi\u00f3n mec\u00e1nica en toda la secci\u00f3n. Al mismo tiempo, la transformaci\u00f3n de austenita a martensita produce una expansi\u00f3n volum\u00e9trica. Debido a que la superficie se transforma primero, se expande mientras el n\u00facleo permanece d\u00factil y puede acomodar la deformaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A medida que contin\u00faa el enfriamiento, el n\u00facleo alcanza la temperatura de transformaci\u00f3n y comienza a expandirse. En esta etapa, la superficie ya se ha transformado en martensita r\u00edgida y ya no puede deformarse pl\u00e1sticamente. El n\u00facleo en expansi\u00f3n impone tensi\u00f3n de tracci\u00f3n sobre la superficie. Cuando esta tensi\u00f3n supera la resistencia local del material, las grietas se inician en la superficie y se propagan hacia el interior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3mo avanza luego la grieta depende de la severidad del temple, y el patr\u00f3n cambia sistem\u00e1ticamente con ella.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-10-26-quench-cracking-pattern-vs-quench-severity.jpg\" alt=\"Quench cracking pattern in 60SC7 steel cylinders 4 to 35 mm diameter quenched in water, showing the crack pattern with decreasing cooling rates and increasing quench severity\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 10.26. Patr\u00f3n de agrietamiento por temple en cilindros de acero 60SC7 de 4 a 35 mm de di\u00e1metro templados en agua, representado frente a una velocidad de enfriamiento decreciente y una severidad de temple creciente. El patr\u00f3n va desde una \u00fanica grieta circunferencial en el extremo templado de la secci\u00f3n m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a y m\u00e1s severamente templada, pasando por grietas longitudinales, hasta una secci\u00f3n que se parte de otra forma o no se agrieta en absoluto al crecer el di\u00e1metro. El estudio de Beck es la fuente del diagrama, citado en el cap\u00edtulo; el 60SC7 es un acero para resortes y no un acero para herramientas, y el patr\u00f3n es el mismo que se observa en cilindros de acero para herramientas. Fuente: M. Narazaki y G.E. Totten, Distortion of Heat-Treated Components, en Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 10.26.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-steel-hardening-tempering-chart\/\">\u2192 Aprenda c\u00f3mo funciona el temple en el tratamiento t\u00e9rmico del acero para herramientas<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qu\u00e9 efecto prevalece depende de la secci\u00f3n y del grado, y hay tres resultados est\u00e1ndar. Los paneles siguientes son los tres patrones de tensi\u00f3n residual que puede presentar un cilindro endurecido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Tool-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-6-42-hardening-residual-stress-types.jpg\" alt=\"The three basic types of hardening residual stress distribution, shrinking type, transition type and transformation type, with the cylinder diameters at which each occurs\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 6.42. Los tres tipos b\u00e1sicos de distribuci\u00f3n de tensi\u00f3n residual de temple en un cilindro: tipo por contracci\u00f3n, tipo de transici\u00f3n y tipo por transformaci\u00f3n, con el patr\u00f3n de tensi\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de la secci\u00f3n dibujado para cada uno. Cu\u00e1l aparece lo decide cu\u00e1nto se retrasa la transformaci\u00f3n respecto de la contracci\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica, por lo que un grado de temple total en una secci\u00f3n pesada cae en el tipo por transformaci\u00f3n, con tracci\u00f3n en la superficie \u2014 el estado del que parte una grieta. La peque\u00f1a tabla da los di\u00e1metros de cilindro a los que ocurre cada tipo en el acero 0.45% C Ck45 bajo temple en agua y en aceite. Fuente: B. Li\u0161\u010di\u0107, Steel Heat Treatment, en Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 6.42.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-factors-influencing-cracking-risk\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Factores que influyen en el riesgo de agrietamiento<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El riesgo de agrietamiento depende de c\u00f3mo se genera y concentra la tensi\u00f3n durante el temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La composici\u00f3n del material afecta directamente el comportamiento de transformaci\u00f3n. Un mayor contenido de carbono aumenta la expansi\u00f3n volum\u00e9trica y reduce las temperaturas de transformaci\u00f3n, disminuyendo la relajaci\u00f3n de tensiones y aumentando la susceptibilidad al agrietamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La geometr\u00eda controla la extracci\u00f3n de calor y <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/residual-stress-measurement-tooling\/\">la distribuci\u00f3n de tensiones<\/a>. Las esquinas agudas, las ranuras de chavetero y las grandes diferencias de espesor de secci\u00f3n crean un enfriamiento no uniforme, que concentra las tensiones en ubicaciones espec\u00edficas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La condici\u00f3n superficial define d\u00f3nde se inician las grietas. Esa superficie es un eslab\u00f3n en una cadena de causas m\u00e1s larga, y la cadena completa, desde el dise\u00f1o hasta el servicio, se cubre en la <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-and-die-failure-analysis\/\">p\u00e1gina de an\u00e1lisis de fallas de herramientas y matrices<\/a>. Las marcas de mecanizado, los defectos de estampado y las discontinuidades metal\u00fargicas act\u00faan como concentradores de tensiones. <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/decarburization-and-stock-removal-tool-steel\/\">descarburaci\u00f3n superficial<\/a> altera a\u00fan m\u00e1s el momento de la transformaci\u00f3n entre la superficie y el n\u00facleo, aumentando la disparidad durante el enfriamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La pr\u00e1ctica de austenizaci\u00f3n afecta la resistencia estructural. Una temperatura excesiva engrosa el grano, reduciendo la resistencia a la fractura intergranular durante el temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los dos n\u00fameros de material que m\u00e1s influyen en el riesgo son la temperatura de inicio de la martensita y el carbono equivalente, y la relaci\u00f3n no es lineal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-10-16-ms-carbon-equivalent-quench-cracking.jpg\" alt=\"Quench cracking of selected steels against the martensite start temperature and against carbon equivalent, with nickel-chromium-molybdenum and carbon-manganese steels marked\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 10.16. Fracci\u00f3n de agrietamiento por temple frente a la temperatura de inicio de la martensita en el panel superior y frente al carbono equivalente en el panel inferior, para un conjunto de aceros, con aceros al n\u00edquel-cromo-molibdeno, aceros al carbono-manganeso y grados que no se volvieron completamente martens\u00edticos marcados por separado. El agrietamiento alcanza su m\u00e1ximo en una banda de M<sub>s<\/sub> en lugar de en el valor m\u00e1s bajo, porque el agrietamiento necesita que la transformaci\u00f3n ocurra lo suficientemente tarde como para acumular tensi\u00f3n y que el n\u00facleo permanezca lo suficientemente resistente como para transmitirla, y los grados completamente martens\u00edticos se agrietan menos. La figura se atribuye en la fuente a ASM Handbook, Volume 4. Fuente: M. Narazaki y G.E. Totten, Distortion of Heat-Treated Components, en Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 10.16.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-identification-in-practice\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identificaci\u00f3n en la pr\u00e1ctica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las grietas de temple se identifican por su origen, morfolog\u00eda y caracter\u00edsticas metal\u00fargicas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las grietas t\u00edpicamente se inician en la superficie y siguen los l\u00edmites de grano de austenita previos, lo que resulta en una trayectoria de fractura intergranular. Si el revenido ocurre despu\u00e9s del agrietamiento, la oxidaci\u00f3n dentro de la grieta produce colores de revenido o cascarilla, lo que indica que la grieta se form\u00f3 antes del revenido. En contraste, las grietas formadas despu\u00e9s del tratamiento t\u00e9rmico no muestran oxidaci\u00f3n interna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La microestructura circundante no muestra descarburizaci\u00f3n porque el agrietamiento ocurre despu\u00e9s de la etapa de alta temperatura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-prevention-and-mitigation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prevenci\u00f3n y mitigaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La prevenci\u00f3n se centra en reducir la concentraci\u00f3n de tensiones y sincronizar la transformaci\u00f3n en toda la secci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dise\u00f1ar la geometr\u00eda para evitar transiciones bruscas y grandes diferencias de espesor que favorezcan un enfriamiento uniforme. La preparaci\u00f3n superficial debe eliminar los defectos de mecanizado y prevenir la descarburizaci\u00f3n durante el calentamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seleccionar m\u00e9todos de temple para controlar la velocidad de enfriamiento y reducir los gradientes de temperatura. Procesos como el martemple igualan la temperatura antes de la transformaci\u00f3n, reduciendo significativamente la tensi\u00f3n interna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Realizar el revenido <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/quench-to-temper-delay-tool-steel\/\">inmediatamente despu\u00e9s del temple<\/a>, mientras el componente a\u00fan est\u00e1 caliente, <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/xrd-residual-stress-measurement-tool-steel\/\">para aliviar las tensiones residuales y prevenir el agrietamiento diferido<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-material-selection-and-hardenability\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Selecci\u00f3n de material y templabilidad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La selecci\u00f3n de material controla el nivel de tensi\u00f3n desarrollado durante el temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los aceros de baja templabilidad <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/quenching-chart-water-oil-air-hardening\/\">requieren enfriamiento r\u00e1pido para alcanzar la dureza completa<\/a>, lo que produce gradientes t\u00e9rmicos pronunciados y alta tensi\u00f3n interna. Estos aceros son adecuados solo para geometr\u00edas simples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La velocidad de enfriamiento en s\u00ed tiene una banda peligrosa, y es medible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Aobo-Steel-Quench-Cracking-totten-fig-9-47-crack-formation-probability-vs-cooling-rate.jpg\" alt=\"Probability of crack formation against the cooling rate inside the martensite formation range, for a 6 mm diameter 41Cr4 steel cylinder\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 9.47. Probabilidad de formaci\u00f3n de grietas frente a la velocidad de enfriamiento dentro del rango de formaci\u00f3n de martensita, para un cilindro de acero 41Cr4 de 6 mm de di\u00e1metro. La probabilidad es baja en el extremo lento, aumenta hasta un m\u00e1ximo de aproximadamente 100 % cerca de 350 K\/s y vuelve a disminuir a medida que la velocidad de enfriamiento sigue aumentando, porque una velocidad lo suficientemente r\u00e1pida como para transformar la superficie y el n\u00facleo casi juntos elimina de nuevo la disparidad. Por eso un temple se especifica como un medio y un tama\u00f1o de secci\u00f3n juntos: el riesgo reside en una banda de velocidades de enfriamiento, no en un \u00fanico valor. El 41Cr4 es un grado de cromo de baja aleaci\u00f3n, no un acero para herramientas, y la banda es la misma por la que pasan los grados para herramientas. Fuente: H.M. Tensi, A. Stich y G.E. Totten, Quenching and Quenching Technology, en Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies (G.E. Totten, ed.), CRC Press, 2006, Fig. 9.47.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los aceros para herramientas de alta templabilidad se transforman a velocidades de enfriamiento m\u00e1s lentas, lo que permite el temple al aire o suave. Esto reduce los gradientes de temperatura y la tensi\u00f3n interna, haci\u00e9ndolos m\u00e1s adecuados para formas complejas y secciones grandes. La secci\u00f3n que cada grado endurecer\u00e1 a trav\u00e9s de un temple dado se muestra en la <a href=\"https:\/\/aobosteel.com\/es\/tool-steel-hardenability-chart\/\">tabla de templabilidad del acero para herramientas<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quench Cracking in Tool Steel: Mechanisms, Identification, and Prevention What is Quench Cracking? Quench cracking is a failure that occurs during or shortly after quenching. Cracks typically initiate at the surface and propagate inward along longitudinal or radial paths. Once formed, the component cannot be recovered. Why Quench Cracking Occurs Quench cracking occurs when internal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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